Physical or chemical injury to the eye can be a serious threat to vision if not handled appropriately and on time. The most obvious presentation of the eye (eye) of injury is the redness and pain of the affected eye. This is not universally true, because small metal projectiles can cause no symptoms. Small metal projectiles should be suspected when patients report metals on metal contacts, such as by hammering a metal surface. The intraocular foreign body does not cause pain due to the lack of nerve endings in the vitreous humor and the retina that can transmit pain sensations. Thus, a general practitioner or emergency department should refer cases involving the posterior segment of the intraocular eye or intraocular object to an ophthalmologist. Ideally, ointment will not be used when referring to an ophthalmologist, as it reduces the ability to perform a thorough eye exam.
Wiggling sand, wood pieces, metal, glass, and flying stones are notorious for causing a lot of eye trauma. Ball sports like a cricket ball, grass tennis ball, squash ball, kok, and other high-speed flying objects can attack the eye. The eye is also prone to blunt trauma in fights. Children's games such as bow-and-arrows, bb guns and firecrackers can cause eye trauma. Road traffic accidents (RTA) with head and facial trauma may also have eye injury - this is usually severe in nature with double laceration, broken glass embedded in tissue, orbital fracture, severe hematoma and penetrating open eyeball injuries with eye prolapse. Other causes of intraocular trauma may arise from work tools or even common household items.
Approximately 5.3 million cases of foreign objects in the eye occur in 2013.
Video Eye injury
Presentations
Complications
Some complications are known to occur after eye injury: corneal scar tissue, hifema, iridodialysis, post-traumatic glaucoma, uveitis cataract, vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment. The risk of high complications with retinal tears, penetrating injuries and severe blunt trauma.
Maps Eye injury
Effects
- Closed-foot injury or Non-penetrating trauma : The eyeball is intact, but the seven eye circles are classically described as affected by blunt trauma.
- Translucent trauma : The integrity of the globe is disrupted by intake wounds with full thickness and may be related to the prolapse of the internal contents of the eye. Such injuries are often referred to as Globe cracks or Globe rupture, although this can occur due to blunt trauma as well.
- Perforating trauma : The integrity of the globe is disrupted in two places due to incoming and outgoing injuries (through and through the wound). This is the type of eye injury that is quite severe.
- Fracture of orbital explosion is caused by blunt trauma, classically described for a boxing or ball injury, causing floor or medial fracture of the orbit due to the sudden increase of pressure on the orbital content..
- Muscle Locking An orbital bone fracture can cause muscle traps that limit vision in one direction.
Diagnosis
The purpose of the investigation is to assess the severity of eye injuries with the eyes to implement the management plan as quickly as necessary. Regular eye exams should be tried, and may require topical anesthesia to be tolerated. Many topical agents cause gradual burning. Proxymetacaine was found to have the best tolerance.
Depending on the medical history and preliminary examination, primary care physicians should designate eye injuries as real emergency , urgent or semi-urgent .
New Classification of the Outer Space Agency
Foreign bodies (FBs) in the eye are usually classified as intraocular (IOFB) or extraoculars (EOFB). At IOFB, FB is inside the eyeball and at EOFB is out. This classification seems overly simplified. Therefore a new classification is proposed on the basis of the FB location, where FB adnexa (in orbit, cap, conjunctiva and lacrimal apparatus) is also included. These are further classified according to their exact location. FBs can also be classified in many other ways. In addition to IOFB and EOFB, other conditions of IMFB (intramural foreign bodies) are also described. The FBs are located inside the cornea or sclera rather than IOFB or EOFB. Ocular trauma also includes eye adnexal trauma and hence the terms IOFB and EOFB have been replaced by IGFB (intraglobal foreign body) and EGFB (extraglobal foreign body)
Conventional systems have been a useful classification system for the past two decades. However, one of its major limitations is that it is not comprehensive enough and a third of cases of ocular trauma can not be classified by adopting this conventional classification system. The conventional classification system is the basis for the development of the newly proposed classification system. Our system aims to classify all cases of ocular trauma, and we are able to do so with the addition of three categories, namely, nonmechanical injury, adnexal injury, and destructive eye injury. This proposed classification may be adopted for further multicentre studies as this is the most current knowledge of ocular trauma.
Emergency
An emergency should be treated within minutes. This will include chemical burns from both conjunctiva and cornea.
Urgent
The urgent case should be handled within a few hours. This includes penetrating the globe wounds; corneal abrasion or foreign body of the cornea; hifema (must be referred); deep eyelid lacerations, involving the eyelid margin or involving the lacrimal canaliculi; burning radiant energy such as welder's burn or snow blindness; or, rarely, traumatic optic neuropathy.
Semi-urgent
Half-urgent cases should be managed within 1-2 days. They include an orbital fracture and subconjunctival hemorrhage.
Management
Irrigation
The first management line for chemical injury is usually an excessive irrigation of the eye with isotonic saline or sterile water. In cases of chemical burns, one should not try to support the solution, but instead dilute with excessive rinsing.
Patch
Depending on the type of eye injury, either the pressure patch or patch shield should be applied. Until about 1987, pressure patches were the preferred method of treatment for corneal abrasion in non-contact lens users; Several controlled studies conducted by accredited organizations such as the American Academy of Ophthalmology have shown that patching of pressure is little or no value in healing abrasion of the cornea and is actually detrimental to healing in some cases. A Cochrane Review found that patching simple corneal abrasion may not improve healing or reduce pain. Patch fillings should not be used on a person with corneal abrasion with a history of contact lens wear. Under these circumstances, a deadly infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria at a clear increased risk for the event. This infection can cause blindness within 24-48 hours and there is a possibility that the infection may move into the peri-orbital socket, resulting in the need for eyeball exposure. In rare cases, the infection may enter the brain and cause death in the patient.
In the case of world penetration, pressure patches should not be applied, and otherwise a shield patch should be applied that protects the eye without applying any pressure. If the shield patch is applied to one eye, the other eye must also be patched due to eye movements. If the uninjured eye moves, the injured eye will also move unconsciously to the possibility of causing more damage.
Sewing
In the case of eyelid lace, the stitches may be part of proper management by the primary care physician during lacerations not threatening the canaliculi, not deep, and not affecting the eyelid margins.
Recovery
Eating certain products and using special routines can aid recovery.
Epidemiology
A recent study estimates that from 2002-2003 there were 27,152 injuries in the United States related to the use of glasses. The same study concluded that sports-related injuries caused by wearing glasses were more common in those under the age of 18 and that injuries associated with falling due to wearing glasses were more common in those aged 65 years or older. Although eyeglass-related injuries do occur, prescription eyeglasses and non-prescription sunglasses have been found to "offer measurable protection that results in lower eye injury incidents in those who wear [them]".
In India a study conducted by Dr.Shukla, injuries were found to be more common in males (81%). This applies to rural and urban populations but in the age group 0-10, the difference between men and women is fewer. Females account for 28% of injuries in this age group. However, in sedentary workers, farmers, laborers and industrial workers% men as high as 95%. Chemical shock is a comment on the cause of bilateral injury in the eye.
See also
- Black eyes
- Chemical eye injury
- List of eye diseases and disorders
- United States Eye Injury Registry
- medical emergency Wilderness
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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