Neutering , from Latin neuter ("not sex"), is the removal of the animal's reproductive organs, either all or very large. "Neutering" is often used falsely to refer only to male animals, but this term actually applies to both sexes. The term male-specific is castration , while spaying is usually reserved for female animals. Everyday language, both terms are often referred to as fix . In the stallion, castrate is referred to as kebiri . Modern veterinary practices tend to use the term de-sexing .
Neutering is the most common method for animal sterilization. In the United States, most humane communities, animal shelters, and rescue groups urge pet owners to have their castrated pets prevent unwanted children from birth, contributing to the undesirable animal population in the rescue system. Many countries require that all adopted cats and dogs be sterilized before going to their new home.
This practice has been advocated in radio and television commercials and at various events, especially the "Price Is Right" game show, whose host, Bob Barker, will end each episode with the slogan "Help control the population, let the animals Your pet spayed or neutered. "After Barker retired, Drew Carey continued to sign with his own message about sterilization and sterilization.
Video Neutering
Metode sterilisasi
Wanita (spaying)
In female animals, spaying (more technically called ovo-hysterectomy or ovariohysterectomy ) involves abdominal surgery to remove the ovaries and uterus (in humans, this called hystero-oophorectomy). Another option is simply lifting the ovary (oophorectomy), which is primarily done in young cats and dogs. Another less common method is the "ovary-sparing spay" in which the uterus is removed but one (or both) of the remaining ovaries. Traditional sterilization (removal of the uterus and ovaries) is generally done in domestic pets (such as cats and dogs), as a method of birth control. This is less often done in livestock, as a method of birth control or for other reasons. In horses, other reasons include behavior modification. A complete ovariohysterectomy may involve removal of the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, and uterine horns.
Surgery can be done using a traditional open approach or with laparoscopic "keyhole" surgery. Open surgery is more widely available, as the cost of expensive laparoscopic surgery equipment. Traditional open surgery is usually performed through a ventral midline incision below the umbilicus. The size of the incision varies depending on the surgeon and the size of the animal. The uterine horn is identified and the ovaries are found by following the horns to the ends.
There is a ligament that attaches the ovaries to the body wall, which may need to be broken down so that the ovaries can be identified. The ovarian artery is then bound with a resorbable suture material and then the arteries are transplanted. The body of the uterus (which is very short in the species carrying the waste) and the associated artery are also tied right in front of the cervix (leaving the cervix as a natural barrier). The entire uterus and ovaries are then removed. The abdomen is examined for bleeding and then closed with a triple closure. Linea alba and then the subcutaneous layer is covered with a resorbable suture material. The skin is then clamped, stitched, or glued together.
Laparoscopic surgery is performed using cameras and instruments placed through a small incision (port) on the body wall. The patient is under anesthesia and lying on his back. Incisions between 5 and 10 millimeters (0.20 and 0.39 inches) and the amount varies according to the equipment and techniques used. The surgeon supervises the screen during surgery. The first port is created just behind the umbilicus and the camera is inserted. The stomach is pumped with carbon dioxide gas to create space to operate. The second port is introduced a few centimeters in front of the navel and a long grasping instrument called Babcock forceps is inserted. The surgeon finds the ovary with the instrument and uses it to hold the ovary away from the needle placed on the abdominal wall. It lifts the ovaries and uterus safely away from other organs. The surgeon then removes the grasping instrument and replaces it with an instrument that burns and cuts the tissue. This tool uses electricity to heat the blood vessels to close it and cut it. No stitches are placed inside. The ovaries are separated from the uterus and round ligaments. The cauter instrument is removed and replaced by a grasping instrument, which is used to pull the ovaries out through a small abdominal incision (port). This is repeated on the other side and small holes are covered with multiple stitches.
The benefits of laparoscopic surgery are less pain, faster recovery, and lesser wounds to heal. A study has shown that patients are 70% more active in the first three days postoperatively compared to open surgery. The reason the open surgery is more painful is that larger incisions are required, and the ovaries should be pulled out of the body, the stretches and tissue of the tears in the stomach (unusual for the patient to react under anesthesia by breathing faster at this point).
Spaying a female dog eliminates the production of progesterone, which is a natural sedative and increased serotonin. Therefore, spewing can increase aggressive behavior that can be observed, either in humans or other dogs.
The risk of infection, bleeding, rupture, inflammation and reactions to drugs given to animals as part of the procedure are all possibilities to consider.
Men (castration)
In male animals, castration involves removal of the testicles (testicles), and is generally performed on domestic pets (for birth control and behavior modification) and in livestock (for birth control, as well as for commercial value increase). Often the term neuter [ing] is used specifically to mean castration, e.g. in phrases like "spay and neuter".
There is an unusual belief, especially among dog enthusiasts, that male animals who are castrated psychologically suffer from the loss of their testicles. It has encouraged a small but growing market for prosthetic (artificial) testes, especially for dogs.
Alternative surgery (vasectomy, tubal ligation , "gomerization")
Vasectomy: In a procedure that is more complicated than castration, the deferentia vasa - the channel that flows from the testes to the penis - is cut and then bonded or sealed, to prevent sperm from entering the urethra. The failure rate is not significant small. Breeders routinely have this procedure done on ferrets and rams to manipulate the contacting female estrus cycles. This is not common in other animal species. Since vasectomy is usually a more expensive procedure, among pet-guards it is more often performed on show animals, to cosmetically maintain their appearance (although depending on the more opulent organization, this procedure may nullify the nomination of animals for a particular award, or throw it into non-geneal household "competition" competition division, as well as full castration).
Tubal ligation: Snipping and binding fallopian tubes as a sterilization step can be performed on female cats, dogs, and other species; basically a woman is equivalent to a vasectomy, but a more invasive procedure. The risk of unwanted pregnancy is not too small. Only a few veterinarians perform this procedure.
Like other forms of neutering, vasectomy and tubal ligation eliminate the ability to produce offspring. They are different from sterilization because they leave animal levels and sex hormone patterns do not change. Both sexes will maintain their normal reproductive behavior, and apart from birth control, none of the advantages and disadvantages listed above apply. This method is favored by some people seeking minimal breaches in the natural state of companion animals to achieve the desired reduction of unwanted cats and dogs.
" Gomerization " is an informal term for a surgical technique in which bulls, like bulls, maintain their full libido (and related effects such as sex pheromones will be lost through castration), but unable to have sexual intercourse. This is done to stimulate and identify female females without the risk of transmitting venereal disease or causing pregnancy by men other than those intended for selective breeding. Animals changed for this purpose are referred to as teasers (bull temptresses, etc.), or gomers . Several methods are used. Penile transplantation surgically changes the penis to show enough distance from the normal direction that it can not manage vaginal penetration. Penis fixation permanently attaches the penis to the stomach so it can not be lowered for penetration. Penectomy is the partial or complete removal of the penis
Non-surgical alternatives
Injection
- Male - Injects a solution of calcium chloride dihydrate (20% by weight of CaCl 2 dissolved in ethanol - 95% ABV) into the testes of animal results in non-surgical castration. Within a month, tissue necrosis of the testicles causes sterilization.
- The male dog - Zeuterin (Neuterol, zinc gluconate neutralized by arginine). Cytotoxic; resulting in irreversible infertility by testicular chemical disorders. Now produced as Esterilsol in Mexico.
- Male rats - Adjudine (an indazole-carboxylic acid analog), induce a reversible germinal cell loss from the seminiferous epithelium by disrupting the function of cell adhesion between nurse cells and immature sperm cells, preventing maturation.
- Male rats - injecting a molecular solution of JQ1 to bind to the BRDT pocket required for chromatin remodeling, which provides a protein that regulates how genes act to access genetic material
- Sheep and boar - Microvalve Wireless. Using a piezoelectric polymer that will damage when exposed to certain electric field broadcasts of the fob lock (such as car alarm) the valve will open or close, preventing sperm passage, but not semen. Located in the vas deferens section that occurs immediately after the epididymis, implantation can be performed using a hypodermic needle.
- Female mammals - An antigen vaccine (derived from porcine purified pellucida zone) encapsulated in liposomes (cholesterol and lecithin) with adjuvant, US patent RE37,224 (2006-06-06), patent 2137263 (published 1999 -06-15). A commercial product known as SpayVac, a single injection causes a female mammal that is treated to produce antibodies that bind ZP3 on its ovum surface, preventing sperm fertilizing it for a period of 22 months to 7 years (depending on the animal). This will not prevent the animal from becoming hot (ovulating) and apart from birth control, none of the above mentioned advantages or disadvantages apply.
More
- Male rats - reversible regulation of the KATNAL1 gene in the microsubular dynamics of Sertoli cells in the testes.
- Female mammals - administered OR orally 3 phosphodiesterase 3 ORG 9935 inhibitors every day before and during ovulation, which block the return of meiosis resulting in ovulation of unfertilized and immature oocytes without damaging the follicle.
Maps Neutering
Early bleeding
Early sterilization, also known as pediatric pediatrics or prepubertal gonadectomy, is the removal of the ovaries or testes before puberty. It is used primarily in animal and rescue protection where puppies and kittens can be castrated before being adopted out, eliminating non-compliance with the sterilization agreement, which is usually above 40%. The American Veterinary Medical Association, the American Animal Hospital Association and the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association support procedures for population control, provided the veterinarian uses his or her best knowledge when making decisions about age in neutering.
Although the age-related risks and benefits mentioned above also apply to early childhood neutering, studies have shown that the procedure is safe and not associated with increased mortality or serious health and behavior problems when compared with conventional wet age. Anesthesia recovery in young animals is usually faster and there are fewer complications. One study found that in female dogs there was an increased risk of urinary incontinence early in the procedure; this study recommends that female dogs should be eradicated not earlier than 3 to 4 months. Further studies compared female dogs sprayed between 4 and 6 months and after 6 months did not show an increased risk.
One study showed the incidence of pelvic dysplasia increased to 6.7% for castrated dogs before 5.5 months compared with 4.7% for neutered dogs after 5.5 months, although cases associated with early-age wetting appear to have a less severe form. There was no association between the age of neutering and arthritis or long fractures. Another study showed no correlation between the age of neutering and musculoskeletal problems. A study of large breed dogs with cracked cranial cranial ligaments associated with early sterilization with the development of excessive tibia angle plateau.
A special note is two recent studies from Lynette Hart's lab at UC Davis. The first study from 2013, published in peer-reviewed peer-reviewed interdisciplinary journals showed "no cases of CCL (cruciate ligament tear) were diagnosed in intact males or females, but in early-castrated males and females occurring were 5 percent and 8 Percentage Nearly 10 percent of early castrated men were diagnosed with LSA (lymphosarcoma), 3 times more than intact males.10 The percentage of HSA cases (hemangiosarcoma) in females who were late castrated (about 8 percent) was 4 times more than that of females castrated and castrated early There was no case of MCT (mast cell tumor) in whole females, but the incidence was nearly 6 percent in females who castrated the end of "
A second study from 2014 highlights significant differences in retrieved breeds, suggesting that inter-breed variability is high and that sweeping legal measures and surgical mandates are not the best solution for dog welfare and health. Specifically this study states: "In Labrador Retrievers, where about 5 percent of men and women who have gonadally intact have one or more joint disorders, neutering at 6 months doubles the incidence of one or more joint disorders in both sexes. and Golden Retriever women, with a 5 percent level of the same joint disorder in whole dogs, neutering at 6 months increased the incidence of joint disorders up to 4-5 times of intact dogs.The incidence of one or more cancers in Labrador Retriever women increased slightly above 3 percent intact female level with neutering.In contrast, in women Golden Retrievers, with the same 3 percent rate of one or more cancers in intact women, castrated in all periods until the age of 8 years raises the rate of at least one of the cancer 3-4 times. and Labrador Retriedvers neutering have a relatively small effect in increasing the occurrence of cancer. "
In terms of behavior in dogs, separation anxiety, aggression, escape behavior and undue elimination decreases while the phobia of noise and sexual behavior increases. In men with aggression problems, previous wetting can increase barking. In cats, asthma, gingivitis, and hyperactivity decreases, while shyness increases. In male cats, abscesses, veterinary aggression, sexual behavior, and urine spray decrease, while hiding increases.
Health and behavioral effects
Benefits
Studies of the overall neutering effect on male and female dog aggression can not reach consensus. A possible reason for this according to two studies is a change in other factors that have more effects than neutering. One study reported aggression on familiar and strange people and other dogs were reduced between 10 and 60 percent of cases, while other studies reported an increase in possessive aggression and aggression against familiar and strange people, and more studies reported no difference significant in aggression. risk between castrated and non-castrated men. For women with existing aggression, many studies reported an increase in aggressive behavior and some found an increase in separation anxiety behavior. A report from the American Kennel Club of the Canine Health Foundation reports a more significant behavior problem in castrated dogs. The most commonly observed behavioral problem in a woman convicted is a frightening behavior and the most common problem in men is aggression. Early-age gonadotomy is associated with an increased incidence of noise phobia and unwanted sexual behavior .
Terminology for castrated animals
A special vocabulary used in luxuriant farms and animals for castrated animals (castrated):
- barrow
- Pigs are castrated before maturity.
- bullock
- Cubed dice.
- capon
- Chickens castrated men.
- kebiri
- Stoned male cubs, or donkeys.
- gib
- Male cats that are neutered, or civets.
- havier
- Deer castrated man.
- lapin
- Male rabbits are castrated.
- oxen
- Cubed dice.
- spay
- Cats castrated in women.
- poulard
- Chicken is smoothed.
- sprite
- Ferret that castrated females.
- redirects
- Cattle men castrated before adulthood.
- stag
- Male or pigs castrated after adulthood.
- weather
- Goats or castrated rams.
Religious views
Islam
Although there are different views in Islam regarding castrating animals, some Islamic associations have stated that when done to safeguard the health and wellbeing of both animals and society, castration is permissible on the basis of 'maslaha' (general good) or "choos [ing] of two evils ".
Judaism
Orthodox Judaism forbids the castration of non-human and non-human beings by Jews except in a life-saving situation. In 2007, Rabbi Shlomo Amar of Rabbi Sephardic issued a ruling stating that it is permissible to have companion animals castrated under the Jewish mandate to prevent animal cruelty.
See also
- AB 1634 - California law proposes mandatory neutral laws.
- Control of animal populations
- Animal shelter
- Forced Sterilization
- Hysterectomy
- Oophorectomy
- Overpopulation in companion animals
- Spay Day USA
- Wildlife Contraceptives
References
External links
- stability (video) cat
- DVM articles on spay/neuter health effects: Long Term Health Risks and Health Benefits Related to Infertility/Neuter in Dogs
- Determine the optimal age for dog and cat gonadectomy (pdf)
- Canine Spay Photos and Description
- Education campaign on spaying/neutering pets at 4 months
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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