Mengejan hamstring, also known as pull hamstring , defined as excessive stretching or tearing muscle fibers and related tissue. Hamstring injuries often occur in athletes who participate in many sports and are very difficult to treat and rehabilitate. Track and field athletes are very risky, since hamstring injuries are estimated to reach 29% of all injuries to runners.
The length of the bicep femoris head is most at risk for injury, probably due to reduced knee moments and hip flexion compared to medial medial thighs.
Video Pulled hamstring
Diagnosis
Value
Class 1
Sensation of cramps or tightness and a little pain when the muscles are stretched or contracted.
Class 2
With a second-grade hamstring strain there is a more severe direct pain than first class injury pain. This is confirmed by the pain in stretching, swelling and muscle contraction.
Class 3
The third-grade hamstring strain is a severe injury. There is a pain that immediately burns or pierces and the individual can not walk without pain. The muscle is completely torn and there may be a large lump of muscle tissue above the depression where the tear occurs.
After a few days with levels two and three large bruises may appear below the site of injuries caused by internal bleeding.
Maps Pulled hamstring
Treatment
The recommended treatment for this injury consists of RICE protocol - rest, ice, compression and elevation. The RICE method is mainly used to reduce bleeding and damage in muscle tissue. Low grade strains can easily get worse if the hamstring is not rested properly. Total damage requires surgical repair and rehabilitation.
The initial treatment of the injury, regardless of the severity of the strain, is the same. In the first five days, the hamstring is rested in a high position with an ice pack applied for twenty minutes every two hours. Bandage compression is applied to limit bleeding and swelling in the tissues. After five days of rest, active rehabilitation begins.
Epidemiology
An academic study found that the most common and common muscluoskeletal injury in the world is a hamstring strain. Further research explains that hamstring strains representing 15% of all injuries per club per season also have a 34% chance of recurrence. Another study showed that previous hamstring injuries were one of the most frequently cited risks for future injuries, with as many as one-third of individuals active re-injury within 2 weeks of returning to the activity. A meta-analysis article showed evidence that a history of hamstring injury and older age was associated with an increased risk of hamstring strains. One study found that male and master athletes (athletes older than forty) were at an increased risk of hamstring strains compared to younger women and athletes. Women are approximately 3 times more likely to suffer from hamstring pressure than men with the majority being non-sporting scenarios. Similarly, the mean age of non-exercise hamstring strains is from the age of 40-60. Many of these non-sport injuries survive during traffic accidents, slipping, and falling. These results also show that hamstring strains account for 50% of muscle injuries received by runners and are the most common injuries in hurdles. One explanation is that older, active individuals may be at greater risk due to the low level of eccentric knee flexor strength compared to their younger counterparts. However, it is unclear whether flexibility serves as a risk factor; this topic should be investigated in the future to better understand the relationship between flexibility and risk of injury. Muscle weakness is also an implication as a predisposing factor for primary and recurrent hamstring strain injury. Over 10 years of study over 51.3% of hamstring strains occurred during the athletic pre-season. In another study, which analyzed 25 NCAA sports for four years, it clearly shows that hamstring strain rates are higher in pre-season. Factors involved in this trend are the relative damage and muscle weakness that occurs during off-season.
The hamstrings undergo a complex dynamic process during the walk, making it not surprising that they are often injured. They must first concentrically concentrate during the end of the horses phase to bend the knees and allow the feet (together with dorsiflexion at the ankles) to clear the soil. At the end of the swing phase, the hamstrings should contract eccentrically while applying the braking moment to the knee extension, then immediately change the function to contract back concentrically and produce pelvic extension. Research has shown that "the hamstring group reaches peak elongation and acts eccentrically on the hips and knees during the swing phase of walking" and that "the hamstrings are most active and develop the largest torque in the hips and knees during the final swing through the middle phase of running." Thus, the hamstrings reach their maximum length while trying to forcibly contract eccentrically and switch functions to immediately produce concentric contractions, which make the terminal part of the swing phase the most vulnerable to injury.
There are many predisposing factors proposed for injury. These include muscle weakness, muscle imbalance, poor flexibility, fatigue, inadequate heating, poor neuromuscular control, and poor running techniques. One of the predisposing factors that most researchers agree on is the previous hamstring injury. Brokett et al. (2004) states that "athletes most at risk of hamstring injury are those who have a history of such injuries before" and noted that 34% of hamstring injuries recurred. "Cameron and colleagues also found that 34% of the injuries recurred.In the same season, Arnason et al generalized these figures, saying that the previous injury itself was an independent risk factor for a back injury.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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