Franz Kafka

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Franz Kafka (July 3, 1883 - June 3, 1924) was a Jewish novelist and German-language Bohemian short storywriter, widely regarded as one of the great literary figures of the 20th century. His work, which combines elements of realism and fantastic, usually featuring a protagonist isolated faced by situations odd or surrealistik and social forces-bureaucracy that can not be understood, and has been interpreted as an exploration of the themes of alienation, existential anxiety, guilt, and absurdity. His works of the most famous include " Die Verwandlung " ( "The Metamorphosis"), process Der ( Exam ) and Das Schloss ( Palace ). The term Kafkaesque has entered English to describe the situation as it is in its writings.

Kafka was born into a middle-class, German-speaking Jewish family in Prague, the capital of the Bohemian Empire, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now part of the Czech Republic. He was trained as a lawyer, and after completing his legal education, he was hired by an insurance company, forcing him to throw the writing into his spare time. During his lifetime, Kafka wrote hundreds of letters to family and close friends, including his father, with whom he had a tense and formal relationship. She was engaged to several women but never married. He died in 1924 at the age of 40 from tuberculosis.

Some of Kafka's works were published during his lifetime: the collection of German Betrachtung ( Contemplation ) and Ein Landarzt ( A Country Doctor ), and individual stories (such as " Die Verwandlung ") was published in a literary magazine but received little public attention. Kafka's unfinished works, including his novel Der Process , Das Schloss and Der Verschollene (translated as both America and The Man Who Disappeared ), ordered by Kafka to be destroyed by his friend Max Brod, who despite ignoring his friend's directions and publishing it after Kafka's death. His work went on to influence various writers, critics, artists, and philosophers during the 20th century.

Video Franz Kafka

Life

Family

Kafka was born near the Old Town Square in Prague, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. His family is a middle-class Ashkenazi Jew. His father, Hermann Kafka (1854-1931), was the fourth son of Jakob Kafka, a shochet text or shrine ritual in Osek, a Czech village with a large Jewish population located near Strakonice in southern Bohemia. Hermann took the Kafka family to Prague. After working as a mobile sales representative, he eventually became a fashion retailer who employed up to 15 people and used the crow images ( kavka at Czech, spoken and written daily as kafka ) as its business logo. Kafka's mother, Julie (1856-1934), is the daughter of Jakob LÃÆ'¶wy, a prosperous retailer in Pod? Brady, and better educated than her husband.

Kafka's parents may speak a language influenced by the sometimes degrading language of Yiddish called Mauscheldeutsch, but, because German is considered a vehicle of social mobility, they may encourage their children to speak High German. Hermann and Julie have six children, among them Franz is the oldest. Two brothers Franz, Georg and Heinrich, died in infancy before Franz was seven years old; his three sisters were Gabriele ("Ellie") (1889-1944), Valerie ("Valli") (1890-1942) and Ottilie ("Ottla") (1892-1943). They all died during the Holocaust of World War II. Valli deported to? ÃÆ'³d? The ghetto in Poland was occupied in 1942, but it was his final documentation. Ottilie is her favorite sister.

Hermann is described by biographer Stanley Corngold as "a great businessman, selfish, arrogant" and by Franz Kafka as "a true Kafka in strength, health, appetite, loudness, eloquence, self-satisfaction, worldly domination, endurance, and] knowledge of human nature ". On working days, both parents are not present at home, with Julie Kafka working 12 hours a day helping to manage the family business. As a result, Kafka's childhood was rather quiet, and the children were massively reared by a series of regulators and servants. Kafka's troubled relationship with his father is evident in his book Brief an den Vater ( Letter to his Father) i >) more than 100 pages, where he complained strongly influenced by his authoritarian and demanding father's character; his mother, on the contrary, calm and shy. The dominant figure of Kafka's father had a significant influence on Kafka's writing.

The Kafka family had a servant girl who lived with them in a small apartment. Franz's room is often cold. In November 1913, the family moved to a larger apartment, though Ellie and Valli were married and moved from the first apartment. In early August 1914, just after World War I began, the sisters did not know where their husbands were in the military and moved back with families in this larger apartment. Ellie and Valli also have children. Franz at the age of 31 moved to Valli's former apartment, calmly contrasts, and lives alone for the first time.

Education

From 1889 to 1893, Kafka attended German elementary school in German MasnÃÆ'½ trh/Fleischmarkt (meat market), now known as MasnÃÆ'¡ Street. His Jewish Education ended with Bar Mitzvah celebration at the age of 13. Kafka never enjoyed attending the synagogue and going with his father only on four high holidays a year.

After leaving primary school in 1893, Kafka was accepted in a highly classical oriented state gymnasium, AltstÃÆ'¤dter Deutsches Gymnasium , an academic high school in Old Alun -Alun City, inside KinskÃÆ'½ Palace. German is the language of instruction, but Kafka also speaks and writes in Czech. He studied the latter in the gym for eight years, achieving good grades. Although Kafka received praise for his Czech, he never considered himself fluent in the Czech, even though he spoke German with a Czech accent. He completed the Matura exam in 1901.

Confessing to Deutsche Karl-Ferdinands-UniversitÃÆ'¤t from Prague in 1901, Kafka began studying chemistry, but turned to law after two weeks. Although this field does not excite him, he offers a variety of career possibilities that please his father. In addition, the law requires longer lessons, allowing time for Kafka to take classes in German studies and art history. He also joins the student club, Lese-und Redehalle der Deutschen Studenten (the German Reading and Lecture Society), which hosts literary events, readings and activities others. Among Kafka's friends were journalist Felix Weltsch, who studied philosophy, actor Yitzchak Lowy from the orthodox Hasidic family of Warsaw, and writers Oskar Baum and Franz Werfel.

At the end of the first year of his studies, Kafka met Max Brod, a law student who became a lifelong close friend. Brod soon realizes that, although Kafka is shy and rarely speaks, what he says is usually very profound. Kafka is a diligent reader all his life; with him and Brod read Plato Protagoras in original Greek, at Brod's initiative, and Flaubert L'ÃÆ'Â © ducation sentimentale and La Tentation de St Antoine ( The Temptation of Saint Anthony ) in French, at his own discretion. Kafka considers Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Flaubert, Nikolai Gogol, Franz Grillparzer, and Heinrich von Kleist to be "true blood brothers". In addition, he was interested in Czech literature and also very fond of the works of Goethe. Kafka was awarded a Doctor of Law degree on July 18, 1906 and made a mandatory year of unpaid service as a legal employee for civil and criminal courts.

Jobs

On 1 November 1907, Kafka was hired in Assicurazioni Generali , an insurance company, where he worked for almost a year. His correspondence during that period indicated that he was unhappy with his work schedule - from 8:00 to 18:00 - making it very difficult to concentrate on writing, which assumes more importance to him. On July 15, 1908, he resigned. Two weeks later he found an easier job to write when he joined the Worker Accident Insurance Institute for the Kingdom of Bohemia. The work involved investigates and assesses compensation for personal injury to industrial workers; accidents such as loss of fingers or limbs are commonplace at the moment because of a poor safety policy at the time. Especially factories equipped with lathe, drills, planing machines and circular saws are rarely equipped with security guards.

Management professor Peter Drucker praised Kafka by developing his first civilian hard hat while working at the Worker Accident Insurance Institute, but this was not supported by any document from his employer. His father often referred to his son's job as an insurance officer as Brotberuf literally "bread work," a job done only to pay bills ; Kafka often claims to hate him. Kafka was quickly promoted and his duties included processing and investigating compensation claims, writing reports and handling requests from employers who thought their company had been placed in an overly high risk category, making them more expensive in insurance premiums. He will compile and compile an annual report on the insurance agency for several years he worked there. Reports are well received by their superiors. Kafka usually leaves work at 2 pm, so he has time to work in literature, which he does. Kafka's father also expects him to help and take over the family's luxury shop. In his last years, Kafka's illness often prevents him from working in insurance bureaus and in his writing. Years later, Brod coined the term "Der enge Prager Kreis (" Close the Prague Circle ") to describe the group of authors, including Kafka, Felix Weltsch, and him.

In late 1911, Elli's husband, Karl Hermann and Kafka became partners in the first asbestos factory in Prague, known as Prager Asbestwerke Hermann & amp; Co., after using the dowry money from Hermann Kafka. Kafka showed a positive attitude initially, dedicating much of his free time to business, but he then hated the encroachment of this work at the time of writing it. During that period, he also found interest and entertainment in the Yiddish theater show. After seeing the Yiddish theater troupe performing in October 1911, for the next six months Kafka "immersed himself in Yiddish and in Yiddish literature". This flower also serves as a starting point for the exploration of Judaism that continues to grow. That's when Kafka became a vegetarian. Around 1915 Kafka received his draft notice for military service in World War I, but his employer at the insurance agency arranged for postponement because his work was considered an important government service. Then he tried to join the military but was prevented from doing so by medical problems associated with tuberculosis, with which he was diagnosed in 1917. In 1918, the Worker Accident Insurance Institute placed Kafka on retirement because of his illness, which there was no cure at the time , and he spent most of the rest of his life in the sanatorium.

Personal life

Kafka never married. According to Brod, Kafka was "tortured" by sexual passion and Kafka's biographer, Reiner Stach, claimed that his life was full of "incessant femininity" and that he was filled with the fear of "sexual failure". She visited a brothel for most of her adult life and was attracted to pornography. In addition, she has close relationships with several women during her lifetime. On August 13, 1912, Kafka met Felice Bauer, a relative of Brod, who worked in Berlin as a representative of a dictaphone company. A week after the meeting at Brod's house, Kafka wrote in his diary:

Miss FB. When I arrived at Brod on August 13, he sat at the table. I really do not want to know about who he is, but prefer it just like that. Bone, a blank face that employs its emptiness openly. Naked throat. Blouse cast. Looks very domestic in his clothes though, as it turns out, he is meaningless. (I keep myself from him a bit by checking him so close...) Nearly broken his nose. Blond hair, rather straight, unattractive, strong chin. As I sit in my chair, I look closely for the first time, when I sit down, I already have an unshakable opinion.

Shortly after this, Kafka wrote "Das Urteil " ("The Judgment") "German Das Urteil" ("The Judgment") story in just one night and worked in a productive period at Der Verschollene ( Lost Men ) and "Die Verwandlung" ("The Metamorphosis"). Kafka and Felice Bauer communicate a lot through letters over the next five years, meet occasionally, and get engaged twice. The remaining Kafka letters were published as German Briefe an Felice ( Letters to Felice ); his letters did not last. According to biographer Stach and James Hawes, circa 1920 Kafka was engaged for the third time, to Julie Wohryzek, a poor and uneducated hotel maid. Although both rented a flat and set a wedding date, the wedding never happened. During this time Kafka started the draft Letter to His Father , who rejected Julie for her Zionist faith. Before the intended wedding date, she married another woman. While she needs women and sex in her life, she has low self-esteem, feels that sex is dirty, and shy - especially about her body.

Stach and Brod stated that during that time Kafka knew Felice Bauer, he was having an affair with his friend Margarethe "Grete" Bloch, a Jewish woman from Berlin. Brod says that Bloch gave birth to Kafka's son, though Kafka never knew about the boy. The boy, whose name is unknown, was born in 1914 or 1915 and died in Munich in 1921. However, Kafka's biography Peter-AndrÃÆ'Â © Alt claimed that, while Bloch had a son, Kafka was not a father because the couple was never intimate. Stach declares that Bloch has a son, but there is no compelling evidence and contradictory evidence that Kafka is a father.

Kafka was diagnosed with tuberculosis in August 1917 and moved for several months to the Bohemian ZÃÆ'¼rau (Si? Em in Czech) Bohemian village, where his brother Ottla worked in the field of his brother-in-law Karl Hermann. He feels comfortable there and then described this time as perhaps the best time of his life, probably because he has no responsibility. He keeps a diary and Oktavhefte (octavo). From the notes in these books, Kafka extracted 109 pieces of text numbered on Zettel , one sheet of paper in no particular order. They were later published as German text. Die ZÃÆ'¼rauer Aphorismen oder Betrachtungen ÃÆ'¼ber SÃÆ'¼nde, Hoffnung, Leid und den wahren Weg (The ZÃÆ'¼rau Aphorisms or Reflections on Sin, Hope, Suffering, and the True Way).

In 1920 Kafka began an intense relationship with Milena JesenskÃÆ'¡, a Czech journalist and writer. His letters to him were published as Briefe an Milena . During a holiday in July 1923 to Graal-MÃÆ'¼ritz in the Baltic Sea, Kafka met Dora Diamant, a 25-year-old kindergarten teacher from an orthodox Jewish family. Kafka, hoping to escape from the influence of his family to concentrate on his writing, moved briefly to Berlin and stayed with Diamant. He became his lover and attracted him to the Talmud. She works on four stories, which she prepares to publish as Ein HungerkÃÆ'¼nstler ( A Hunger Artist >).

Personality

Kafka is afraid that people will find him mentally and physically disgusting. However, those who met him found him to have a calm and cool attitude, clear intelligence, and a dry sense of humor; they also found the man handsome, despite his hard looks. Brod compares Kafka with Heinrich von Kleist, noting that both authors have the ability to describe the situation realistically with the right detail. Brod thinks that Kafka is one of the most entertaining people he has ever met; Kafka enjoys sharing his humor with his friends, but also helps them in difficult situations with good advice. According to Brod, he was an eager repetition, able to express his words as if they were music. Brod felt that two of Kafka's most distinguishing traits were the "absolute truth" ("spar lang =" de "title =" German text "> absolute Wahrhaftigkeit ) and" proper accuracy "( prÃÆ'¤zise Gewissenhaftigkeit ). He explores the details, which are inconspicuous, profound and with such love and thoroughness that the things that appear unexpected, seem strange, but really true ( nichts als wahr ).

Although Kafka showed little interest in exercising as a child, he then showed interest in games and physical activity, as a good rider, swimmer, and rower. On the weekend he and his friends embarked on a long journey, often planned by Kafka himself. His other interests include alternative medicine, modern education systems such as Montessori, and technical new things like airplanes and movies. Writing is important to Kafka; he considered it a "form of prayer". He is very sensitive to sound and prefers silence while writing.

PÃÆ' Â © rez-ÃÆ' lvarez claims that Kafka may have a schizophrenic personality disorder. His style, claimed, is not only in "Die Verwandlung" ("The Metamorphosis"), but in many other writings, it appears to exhibit a low to moderate schizoid, which explains most of his work. Anxiety can be seen in this diary entry from June 21, 1913:

The incredible world that is in my head. But how to free themselves and free them without tearing. And a thousand times more tears in me, they hold or bury it. For this I am here, it is quite clear to me.

and in ZÃÆ'¼rau Aphorism number 50:

Man can not live without a permanent belief in something that can not be destroyed in him, even though both are indestructible and his own belief in them can remain permanently hidden from him.

Although Kafka never married, she married and had precious children. She has several girlfriends. She may suffer from eating disorders. Doctor Manfred M. Fichter of the Psychiatric Clinic, University of Munich, presented "evidence for the hypothesis that the author Franz Kafka suffered from atypical anorexia nervosa", and that Kafka is not only lonely and depressed but also "sometimes suicidal". In his 1995 book, Franz Kafka, a Jewish patient, Sander Gilman investigated "why a Jew might have been considered 'hypochondriac' or 'homosexual' and how Kafka incorporates aspects of the ways of understanding this Jewish man into self-image and his own writing. "Kafka was considered to commit suicide at least once, at the end of 1912.

Political view

Before World War I, Kafka attended several club meetings mladÃÆ'½ch, anarchist, anti-militant, and anti-ulama Czech organization. Hugo Bergmann, who attended the same elementary and secondary school as Kafka, fell with Kafka during their last academic year (1900-1901) because "my socialism [Kafka] and Zionism are too shrill". "Franz became a socialist, I became a Zionist in 1898. There is no synthesis of Zionism and socialism". Bergmann claims that Kafka wore a red carnation to school to show his support for socialism. In one diary note, Kafka refers to the influential anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin: "Do not forget Kropotkin!"

During the communist era, Kafka's legacy for Eastern-bloc socialism was fiercely debated. Opinion ranged from the idea that he insinuated the bureaucratic carelessness of the collapsed Austro-Hungarian Empire, with the belief that he embodied the rise of socialism. Another important point is Marx's theory of alienation. While the orthodox position is that the depictions of Kafka's alienation are no longer relevant to societies alleged to have eliminated alienation, a 1963 conference held in Liblice, Czechoslovakia, on his eightieth birthday, examined the importance of Kafka's bureaucratic depiction. Whether Kafka is a political writer or not, is still an issue of debate.

Judaism and Zionism

Kafka was raised in Prague as a German-speaking Jew. He was fascinated by the Jews of Eastern Europe, who he thought had an intensity of spiritual life that was not in the Jews of the West. His diary is full of references to Yiddish writers. But he is sometimes alienated from Judaism and Jewish life: "What is my similarity with the Jews? I have almost nothing in common with myself and should stand quietly in a corner, satisfied that I can breathe". In his youth, Kafka had declared himself an atheist.

Hawes points out that Kafka, although very conscious of his own Jewishness, did not include it in his work, which, according to Hawes, has no Jewish character, scene or theme. In the opinion of Harold Bloom's literary critic, although Kafka feels uncomfortable with Jewish heritage, he is a classical Jewish writer. Lothar Kahn also firmly stated: "The Jewish presence in Kafka oeuvre is no longer subject to doubt". Pavel Eisner, one of the first Kafka translators, translated German Der Process ( The Trial ) as a manifestation of the "three dimensions of Jewish existence in Prague Ã, ... the protagonist Josef K. (symbolically) captured by a German (Rabensteiner), a Czech (Kullich), and a Jew (Kaminer) He defended the "innocent guilt" that influenced the Jews in the modern world, although there was no evidence that he himself was a Jew. "

In his essay Sadness in Palestine ?! And Miron explores Kafka's relationship with Zionism: "It seems that those who claim that there is such a relationship and that Zionism plays a central role in life and literary work, and those who refuse the connection altogether or ignore their interests are both wrong. lies in some very elusive places between these two simple poles ". Kafka considered moving to Palestine with Felice Bauer, and then with Dora Diamant. He studied Hebrew while living in Berlin, employed a friend of Brod from Palestine, Pua Bat-Tovim, to teach him and attend the Rabbi Julius GrÃÆ'¼nthal and Rabbi Julius Guttmann's classes in Berlin Hochschule fÃÆ'¼r die Wissenschaft des Judentums (College for the Study of Judaism).

Livia Rothkirchen called Kafka a "symbolic figure of her era". His contemporaries included many Jewish, Czech and German writers who were sensitive to Jewish, Czech and German cultures. According to Rothkirchen, "This situation lends their writings a vast cosmopolitan view and a quality of exaltation adjacent to transcendental metaphysical contemplation." The famous example is Franz Kafka.

Toward the end of his life, Kafka sent a postcard to his friend Hugo Bergman in Tel Aviv, announcing his intention to emigrate to Palestine. Bergman refuses to entertain Kafka because he has little children and is afraid that Kafka will infect them with tuberculosis.

Death

Kafka's laryngeal tuberculosis worsened and in March 1924 he returned from Berlin to Prague, where his family members, especially his sister Ottla, took care of him. He went to Dr. sanatorium. Hoffmann at Kierling outside Vienna for treatment on April 10, and died there on June 3, 1924. The cause of death seemed famished: Kafka's throat condition made eating too painful for him, and since parenteral nutrition has not developed, there is no way to feed him. Kafka is editing "A Hunger Artist" on her deathbed, a story whose composition she has started before her throat is closed to the point that she can not take food. Her body was brought back to Prague where she was buried on June 11, 1924, at New Jewish Cemetery in Prague-? I? Kov. Kafka was barely known during his own life, but he did not consider important fame. He became famous after his death, especially after World War II. The Kafka headstone was designed by architect Leopold Ehrmann.

Maps Franz Kafka

Work

All Kafka's published works, except for some of the letters he wrote in Czech for Milena JesenskÃÆ'¡, are written in German. What little is publicized during his lifetime attracts little public attention.

Kafka did not complete his full novel and burned about 90 percent of his work, mostly during his stay in Berlin with Diamant, who helped him burn the concept. In his early years as a writer, he was influenced by von Kleist, whose work he described in the letter to Bauer as something frightening, and which he considered closer than his own.

Stories

The earliest published works of Kafka are eight stories that appeared in 1908 in the first edition of the Hyperion literary journal under the title Betrachtung ( Contemplation ). He wrote the story " Beschreibung eines Kampfes " ("Description of the Struggle") in 1904; he showed it to Brod in 1905 who advised him to continue writing and convincing him to submit it to Hyperion. Kafka published a fragment in 1908 and two parts in the spring of 1909, all in Munich.

In a creative explosion on the night of September 22, 1912, Kafka wrote the story "Das Urteil" ("The Judgment", literally: "The Verdict") and dedicated it to Felice Bauer. Brod notes the similarities in the names of the main characters and his fictional fiction, Georg Bendemann and Frieda Brandenfeld, to Franz Kafka and Felice Bauer. His story is often regarded as Kafka's groundbreaking work. It deals with the problematic relationship of a dominant son and father, facing a new situation after his son's engagement. Kafka then describes the writing as "complete body and soul," a story that "evolved as a true birth, covered with dirt and mucus." The story was first published in Leipzig in 1912 and dedicated "to Miss Felice Bauer", and in the next edition "to F."

In 1912, Kafka wrote "Die Verwandlung" ("The Metamorphosis", or "The Transformation"), published in 1915 in Leipzig. The story begins with a wandering merchant waking up to find himself transformed into an ungeheures ungeziefer , a terrible monster, Ungeziefer is a common term for unwanted and unclean animals. Critics regard this work as one of the fictional works of the 20th century. The story "In der Strafkolonie" ("In Penal Colony"), dealt with a complex torture and execution tool, written in October 1914, revised in 1918, and published in Leipzig during October 1919. The story of "Ein HungerkÃÆ'¼nstler" ("A Hunger Artist "), published in the German periodical" Die neue Rundschau "in 1924, depicts a protagonist of a victim who experiences a decline in the appreciation of the craft strangely enough to starve him for a long time. His final story, "Josefine, died SÃÆ'¤ngerin oder Das Volk der MÃÆ'¤use" ("Josephine the Singer, or the Mouse Folk"), also relates to the relationship between the artist and his audience.

Novel

He started his first novel in 1912; the first chapter is the story of "Der Heizer" ("The Stoker"). Kafka calls work, which remains unfinished, Derivchelle ( Missing Man or The Missing Man ), but when Brod published it after Kafka's death he named it America . The inspiration for the novel was the time spent in the Yiddish theater audiences of the previous year, bringing it to a new awareness of its ancestral heritage, which led to the idea that innate awards for one's inheritance live deep within everyone. More explicitly funny and a bit more realistic than most of Kafka's works, this novel shares the motive of an oppressive and intangible system that places the protagonist repeatedly in odd situations. It uses many details of the experience of relatives who emigrated to America and is the only work that Kafka considers an optimistic ending.

During 1914, Kafka began the German The Der ( The Trial ), the story of a man which is captured and charged by a remote and inaccessible authority, with the nature of the crime not being disclosed to him or to the reader. Kafka did not finish the novel, even though he finished the last chapter. According to Nobel Prize winner and Kafka scholar Elias Canetti, Felice is the center of the Der Process plot and Kafka says it is his "story". Canetti gave the title of his book about Kafka's letter to Felice Kafka's Other Test, in recognition of the relationship between letters and novels. Michiko Kakutani noted in the review for The New York Times that the Kafka letters have "their fictional features: equal attention to the small things, the same paranoid awareness of a shift in the balance of power; emotional shortness of breath - combined, surprisingly enough, with moments of passion and excitement for boys. "

According to his diary, Kafka had planned his novel Das Schloss (The Castle), on June 11, 1914; However, he did not start writing until January 27, 1922. The main character is Landvermesser (land surveyor) called K., who fought for unknown reasons. to gain access to the mysterious authority of the castle that governs the village. Kafka's intention is that the castle authorities told K. on his deathbed that "the legal claim to live in the village is invalid, but, taking into account certain additional circumstances, he will be allowed to live and work there". Dark and sometimes real, this novel focuses on alienation, bureaucracy, the seemingly endless frustration of human efforts to fight the system, and in vain and in vain to pursue unachievable goals. Hartmut M. Rastalsky notes in his thesis: "Like dreams, the texts incorporate precise" realistic "details with absurdity, careful observation and reasoning on the part of the protagonist with unexplained ignorance and carelessness."

Publish history

The stories of Kafka were originally published in periodicals. The first eight were printed in 1908 in the first edition of bi-monthly Hyperion . Franz Blei published two dialogues in 1909 that became part of "Beschreibung eines Kampfes" ("Description of the Struggle"). A fragment of the story "Die Airplane in Brescia", written on the way to Italy with Brod, appeared in the Bohemian newspaper on September 28, 1909. On March 27, 1910, several stories which later became part of the book Betrachtung published in the Bohemian Easter edition of . In Leipzig during 1913, Brod and publisher Kurt Wolff included "Das Urteil's" "(" Judgment A Story by Franz Kafka. ") In their literary yearbook for art poetry Arcadia . That same year, Wolff published "Der Heizer" ("The Stoker") in the Tag JÃÆ'¼ngste series, where he enjoyed three prints. The story of "German Vor dem Gesetz " ("Before the Law") was published in the 1915 New Year's edition of an independent Jewish weekly Selbstwehr ; it was reprinted in 1919 as part of the collection of the German Ei Landarzt a Country Doctor ) and became part of the German Der process . Other stories were published in various publications, including Martin Buber Der Jude , Prager Tagblatt