Cheerleading is an activity in which the participants (referred to as "cheerleaders") cheer for their team as a form of encouragement. This can range from shouting slogans to intense physical activity. This can be done to motivate sports teams, to entertain an audience, or to a competition. Competitive routines usually range from one to three minutes, and contain the components of tumbling, dancing, leaping, cheering, and stunting.
Cheerleading comes from the United States, and remains dominant in America, with about 1.5 million participants in all star cheerleaders. The global cheerleader presentation was led by international broadcasts of the international cheerleading competition of 1997, and the worldwide release of 2000 film Bring It On. Because of some recent exposure, there are now around 100,000 participants spread across the world in Australia, Canada, China, Colombia, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand and the UK.
Video Cheerleading
History
Before organized cheerleading
Cheerleading began in the late 18th century with male student rebellion. After the American Revolutionary War, the students experienced harsh treatment from the teachers. In response to the misuse of faculty, students roughly act. Students start rioting, setting fire to buildings on their campuses, and attacking faculty members. As a more subtle way of gaining independence, however, students find and organize their own extracurricular activities beyond the control of their professors. It brings American sports, starting first with college teams.
In the 1860s, British students started cheering and singing together for their favorite athletes at sporting events. Immediately, that support attitude crossed over into America.
On November 6, 1869, the United States watched the first college football game. This happened between Princeton and Rutgers University, and marked the original day "Sis Boom Rah!" cheers are shouted by student fans.
Initial cheer organized
Organized cheerleading begins as an activity for all men. In early 1877, Princeton University had a "Princeton Cheer", documented in Feb. 22, 1877, March 12, 1880, and November 4, 1881, issues of The Daily Princetonian. The cheers are shouted from the stands by the students attending the match, as well as by the athletes themselves. Cheer, "Hurray! Hurray! Hurray! Tiger! S-s-s-t! Boom! A-h-h-h!" still used with a few modifications today, where it is now referred to as "Locomotive".
Princeton graduate class 1882 Thomas Peebles moved to Minnesota in 1884. He transplanted the idea of ​​an organized crowd cheering at a soccer match to the University of Minnesota. The term "Cheer Leader" has been used since 1897, with Princeton football officials having named three students as Cheer Leaders: Thomas, Easton, and Guerin of the Princeton classes 1897, 1898, and 1899, respectively, on October 26, 1897. These students will also cheer for the team in football practice, and a special cheering section set in the stands for the match itself for the home team and the visitors.
New in 1898, Minnesota University student Johnny Campbell directed the crowd to cheer "Rah, Rah, Rah! Ski-u-mah, Hoo-Rah! Hoo-Rah! Varsity! Varsity! Varsity, Minn-e- So-Tah! ", Making Campbell the first cheerleader.
November 2, 1898 is the official birthday of an organized cheerleading. Soon after, the University of Minnesota organized a "yell leader" team of six male students, still using Campbell's genuine cheerfulness today. In 1903, the first cheerleading brotherhood, Gamma Sigma, was founded.
Women's participation
In 1923, at the University of Minnesota, women were allowed to participate in cheerleaders. However, it takes time for other schools to follow. In the late 1920s, many school manuals and published newspapers still referred to cheerleaders as "chap," "fellow," and "man". Female cheerleaders were ignored until the 1940s. In the 1940s, college men were recruited for World War II, creating opportunities for more women to get into sporting events. As noted by Kieran Scott in Ultimate Cheerleading: "Girls really take over for the first time." An overview written in the name of a cheerleader in 1955 explained that in larger schools, "sometimes boys and girls belong," and in smaller schools, "boys can usually find their place in athletic programs, and cheerleading will likely remain just feminine jobs. "During the 1950s, cheerleaders in America also increased in popularity. In the 1960s, some began to consider female extracurricular cheerleaders for boys, and in the 1970s, women especially cheered at public school games. However, this does not stop its growth. Cheerleading can be found at almost every school level across the country, even pee and youth league are beginning to emerge.
In 1975, it was estimated by a man named Randy Neil that over 500,000 students actively participated in American cheerleaders from elementary school to college level. He also estimates that ninety-five percent of cheerleaders in America are women. Since 1973, cheerleaders have started attending women's basketball and sports all other women.
In 2005, the overall statistics show that about 97% of all modern cheerleading participants are women, although at the college level, cheerleading is coordinated with about 50% of the participants being male.
Cheerleading firsts
In 1948, Lawrence "Herkie" Herkimer, from Dallas, Texas, a former cheerleader at Southern Methodist University, formed the National Cheerleaders Association (NCA) to hold a clinic for cheerleading. In 1949, the NCA held its first clinic in Huntsville, Texas, with 52 girls in attendance. Herkimer contributed many first things to cheerleader: the establishment of Cheerleader & amp; Danz Team guides the uniform supplier company, creates a herkie leap (where one leg is bent to the ground as if kneeling and the other out to the side as high as it will stretch in the touching position of the finger), and creating the "Spirit Wand." "In the 1960s, the collegiate enthusiasts began organizing workshops across the country, teaching basic cheering skills to high school girls.In 1965, Fred Gastoff invented vinyl pom-pom, which was introduced into competition by the International Cheerleading Foundation (ICF, now World Cheerleading Association or WCA).The organized cheerleading competition began to emerge with the first rank of the "Top Ten College Cheerleading Squads" and "Cheerleader All America" ​​provided by ICF in 1967. In 1978, America was introduced to cheerleader that is competitive by the first broadcast of Collegiate.Cheerleading Championship on CBS.
Professional professional cheerleading
In the 1950s, the formation of professional cheerleading began. The first recorded squad to be recorded in National Football League (NFL) history is for the Baltimore Colts. Professional cheerleaders put a new perspective on American cheerleading. Women are chosen for two reasons: the appeal of visual sex, and the ability to dance. Women are chosen exclusively because men are a targeted marketing group. The Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders soon gained spotlight with their revealing outfits and sophisticated dance moves, debuting in the 1972-1973 season, but were first seen extensively in Super Bowl X (1976). The pro-1970s squads set the cheerleaders as "The icon of America's healthy sex appeal." In 1981, a total of 17 Nations Football League teams had their own cheerleaders. The only teams without NFL cheerleaders today are New Orleans, New York, Detroit, Cleveland, Denver, Minnesota, Pittsburg, San Francisco, and San Diego. Professional cheerleaders eventually spread to soccer and basketball teams as well.
Cheerleading progress and traditions
The 1980s saw the beginnings of modern cheerleaders, adding a series of difficult actions and exercises into the routine. All the star teams appear, and with them, the creation of the All-Star Federation of the United States (USASF). ESPN first broadcasted the National High School National Cheerleading Competition in 1983. Cheerleading organizations such as the American Cheerleading Advisory and Counselors (AACCA), established in 1987, began to apply universal safety standards to reduce the number of injuries and prevent dangerous action, pyramids and fall bait from being included in the cheerleader routine. In 2003, the National Council for Salvation and Spirit Education (NCSSE) was established to offer safety training for adolescent, school, all-star, and college coaches. The NCAA requires fun coaches to successfully complete a nationally recognized safety training program. The NCSSE or AACCA certification program is both recognized by the NCAA.
Even with its athletic and competitive development, cheerleaders at the school level have maintained their relationship with the leading spirit traditions. Cheerleaders are quite often seen as ambassadors for their schools, and leaders among student bodies. At the college level, cheerleaders are often invited to help at fundraising events and university events.
Cheerleading is closely related to American soccer and basketball. Sports such as soccer associations (football), ice hockey, volleyball, baseball, and wrestling will sometimes sponsor a cheerleading squad. Cricket World Cup ICC Twenty20 in South Africa in 2007 was the first international cricket event held by cheerleaders. Florida Marlins is the first Major League Baseball team to have a cheerleading team. Debuting in 2003, "Marlin Mermaids" gained national exposure, and has influenced other MLB teams to develop their own cheer/dance squad.
Evolution
Competitive cheers are subjectively assessed on the basis of components including, but not limited to, cheerfulness, dance/choreography, pyramids, stunting, and tumbling. To prevent injury, there are certain rules that the cheerleading team should follow according to their level (middle school, all stars, or college). According to the Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine, there are two cheerleading goals - to cheer on the sidelines of other athletes, and to be "a highly skilled athlete competing".
Along with this evolution to the sports structure, there have been significant advances made for unique cheerleading uniforms. What started out as a classic sweater and a mid-calf pleated skirt uniform has now come to combine materials that allow for stretching and flexibility. Uniform change is the result of a culture that changed from the 1930s to the modern day.
Cheerleading may seem like a mild activity for some people, but injuries that can come from training or competition can be tough if athletes are not trained properly. There are many injuries due to cheering, especially from falling and stopping. Due to the lack of a study of competitive cheerleading injuries, many injuries can be avoided. Most research in sports medicine related to cheerleaders is focused on whether it is sport or not.
Maps Cheerleading
Team types in the United States today
School sponsored
Most high schools of America, high schools, and colleges have organized cheerleading squads. Many colleges offer cheerleader scholarships for students. The cheerleading team can compete locally, regionally or nationally, and cheer for sporting events and encourage audience participation. Cheerleading quickly became a year-round activity, beginning with a trial during the spring semester of the previous school year. Teams can attend camp and organized summer cheerleaders to improve their skills and create routines for the competition.
Student cheerleaders compete with recreational routines throughout the year. The team practiced intensely for the competition and performed routines of no more than 2 minutes and 30 seconds. Like other school-level athletes, teams compete to win league titles, and move on to bigger competitions in the hope of reaching a national competition. The advantages for the school squad versus the all-star squad are cheering at various sporting events.
Trial process can sometimes take several days. The cheerleading coach will organize a cheerleading clinic, where the basic material is taught or reviewed before the last day of the trial. The clinic gives back the cheerleaders and new cheerleaders the same opportunity to become familiar with the material. Skills required to become a cheerleader include jumping, falling, movement, and dancing skills. Trials often occur during the spring, so the coach has a squad chosen on time to attend summer camp as a team.
High school
High school cheerleaders evolved shortly after the high school team was created. In high school, the cheerleading team serves the same purpose, and follows the same rules as the high school squads. Squad cheers for basketball teams, soccer teams, and other sports teams at their schools. The squad also appeared in the parade and competed with other local schools from the area. Cheerleading in high school can sometimes be a two-season activity: autumn and winter. However, many teams cheering high school will go all year round like a high school squad. High school cheerleaders use the same cheerleading movement as their older counterparts, but they perform less extreme stunts. These stunts range from preparation, thigh standing, and extension, to a stunt one foot harder.
SMA
In high school, there are usually two teams per school: junior universities and universities. High school cheerleaders have an aspect of school spirit and competition. These teams have been part of the cycle throughout the year. Starting with spring trials, year-round rehearsals, cheering on teams in autumn and winter, and participating in cheerleading competitions. Most teams practice at least three days a week for about two hours each exercise during the summer. Many teams also attend separate sessions outside of the workout. During the school year, cheerleading is usually done five to six days a week. During the competition season, it often becomes seven days with practice twice a day sometimes. The school spirit aspect of cheerleading involves cheering, supporting, and "pumping" the audience at football matches, basketball games, and even in wrestling matches. Along with this, they perform in battle, and bring the school spirit to other students. In May 2009, the National Association of State Colleges of the Federation released the results of their first true junior high school participation study. They estimate that the number of high school cheerleaders from high school is around 394,700.
There are various cheerleading organizations that wear the competition; some of the major ones include state and regional competitions. Many high schools often hold cheerleading competitions, carrying IHSA judges. The regional competition is a qualification for national competition, such as UCA (Universal Cheerleaders Association) in Orlando, Florida every year. The cheerleader competition aspect can be very enduring; styles and rules change every year, making it important and difficult to find the latest and hottest routines. Most teams have professional choreographers who make their routine choreography to ensure they do not break any rules or regulations. For a list of rules, visit AACCA (Association of Coaches and Administrators of American Cheerleading). All high school coaches are required to attend IHSA rules meetings at the start of the season. This ensures their knowledge of the changing rules and their compliance with these rules.
Higher Education
Most universities in America have a cheerleading squad to cheer up soccer, basketball, volleyball, and soccer. Most college squads tend to be great players though in recent years; college squads of all girls and small college students have increased rapidly.
The college squad did a more difficult action covering the pyramid, as well as flipping and twisting the basket throw.
Youth League/athletic association
Organizations that sponsor young youth teams usually sponsor young league soccer or basketball teams as well. This makes it possible for both, under the same sponsorship, to blend in. Both teams have the same mascot name and cheerleader players will perform in their soccer or basketball games. Examples of such sponsors include Pop Warner and Pasco Police Athletic League (PPAL). YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) is also a renowned sponsor for youth cheerleading champions.
All-star
During the early 1980s, cheerleading teams unrelated to league or sports schools, whose primary purpose was competition, began to emerge. The first organization to call themselves all the stars and go to the competition was Q94 Rockers from Richmond, Virginia, which was founded in 1982. All the star teams that competed before 1987 were placed into the same division as teams representing schools and sports leagues. In 1986, the National Cheerleaders Association (NCA) discussed this situation by creating a separate division for teams that did not have sponsoring schools or athletic associations, calling it the All-Star Division and debuting in their 1987 competition. As the popularity of this type of team grows, more and more of them are formed, attending competitions sponsored by many different organizations and companies, each using their own set of rules, rules, and divisions. This situation is of concern to gym owners because of inconsistencies causing trainers to keep their routines in a constant state, reducing time that can be better utilized to develop skills and give personal attention to their athletes. More importantly, as companies continue to compete for competitive advantage, security standards are becoming increasingly lax. In some cases, unqualified trainers and inexperienced teams are attempting a dangerous action as a result of this expanded set of rules.
USASF was formed in 2003 by a competition company to act as a national regulatory body for all cheerleading stars and to create a standard set of standards and standards to be followed by all competitions approved by the Federation, leading eventually to Cheerleading Worlds. USASF hosted the first Cheerleading Worlds on 24 April 2004. In 2009, the first All-Level Worlds was held. This includes teams of all levels, with every winner continuing to the online championships, where teams from all nations compete to win the Worlds Title. At the same time, cheerleading coaches from across the country organize themselves for the purpose of creating the same rules, calling themselves the National All-player Coaches Congress (NACCC). In 2005, NACCC was absorbed by USASF to become the rule-making body. In late 2006, USASF facilitated the establishment of the International All-Star Federation (IASF).
In 2012, the cheerleader of stars approved by USASF involves a 6-36 female and/or male squad. The squad prepares for the whole year for various competitive appearances, but they only really perform up to 2Ã,½ minutes during their team's routine. The amount of competition that teams take varies from team to team, but generally, most teams tend to participate in eight to twelve competitions in a year. The competition includes locals, who usually take place at school or local venues, citizens, held in major venues across the US with national champions, and Cheerleading Worlds, taking place at Disney World in Orlando, Florida. During the competition routine, the teams performed carefully choreographed stunting, rolling, jumping, and dancing to follow their own custom music. Teams make their routine to an eight-count system and apply it to music so that team members run elements with timing and proper synchronization.
There are many different organizations that run their own countries and national competitions. Some of the big companies include: Universal Spirit, AmeriCheer, Cheersport, Planet Spirit, Eastern Cheer and Dance Association, and The JAM Brands. This means that many fitness centers in the same region can become state and national champions for the same year and never compete with each other. Currently, there is no system in place that only provides one state or national title.
The judges in the competition pay close attention to the illegal movements of any group or individual member. Here, illegal action is something that is not allowed in the division because of difficulties and/or security restrictions. They look out for cuts, or things that go wrong, like a downhill action. They are also looking for a touch down in the reduction for deduction. In general, judges see the difficulties and execution of leaps, stunts and tumbling, synchronization, creativity, movement sharpness, showmanship, and overall routine execution.
Star cheerleaders are placed in divisions, grouped by age, team size, participant's gender, and skill level. The age level varies from under the age of 4 years to 18 years and over. Divisions used by USASF/IASF today are Tiny, Mini, Youth, Junior, Junior International, Junior Coed, Senior, Senior Coed, Special Needs, and Open International. Initially starting with a team of "all girls" and the combined team then started gaining popularity. That being said, the all-girl squad remains the most common.
If teams place high enough on ASASF/IASF selected national competition, they can be incorporated into Cheerleading Worlds and compete with teams from all over the world, as well as receive money to be placed. Each team receives an offer from another cheerleading company and enters on behalf of the company. Someone should get an offer from the company in order to compete in Cheerleading Worlds. For example, a team can get an offer from Cheersport, and they compete as a team representing the company. The Cheerleading Company offers three types of offers to go to Cheerleading Worlds, Paid Bid, Partial Bids, or Unpaid Bids. The Cheerleading Worlds are only for teams level 5 and above.
Professional
Professional cheerleaders and dancers cheer for sports such as soccer, basketball, baseball, wrestling, or hockey. There are only a small handful of professional cheerleader leagues around the world; several professional leagues including NBA Cheerleading League, NFL Cheerleading League, CFL Cheerleading League, MLS Cheerleading League, MLB Cheerleading League, and NHL Ice Dancers. Although professional cheerleader leagues exist in many countries, there are no Olympic teams.
In addition to cheering in matches and competing professional cheerleaders as well, as a team, it can often perform many charities and charities, modeling, motivational talks, television shows, and commercials.
Associations, federations, and organizations
Americheer : Americheer was founded in 1987 by Elizabeth Rossetti. This is the parent company for Ameridance and the Eastern Cheer and Dance Association. In 2005, Americheer became one of the founding members of NLCC. This means that the Americheer event offers an offer to the US Final: Final Destination. The InterNational Championship AmeriCheer Competition is held every March at Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida.
International Cheer Union (ICU) : Established on 26 April 2004, ICU is recognized by SportAccord as the world's cheerleading body and authority in all matters related to it. Including the participation of 105 members of its national federation of 3.5 million athletes globally, the ICU continues to function as an unified voice for those dedicated to the positive development of cheerleaders around the world.
After a positive vote by the General Assembly of SportAccord on 31st May 2013, in Saint Petersburg, the International Cheer Union (ICU) became a member of 109 SportAccord, and 93 international sports federations of SportAccord to join the international sports family. In accordance with the SportAccord legislation, the ICU is recognized as the world's cheerleading body and authority on all matters related to it.
In the 2016-17 season, the ICU has introduced a junior team (12-16) to compete in Cheerleading Worlds, as cheerleading is now in a temporary status to become a sport at the Olympics. For cheerleading until one day at the Olympics, there must be a junior and senior team competing in the world championships. The first junior cheerleading team selected to become the junior national team is Eastside Middle School, located in Mount Washington Kentucky and will represent the United States in the inaugural junior division of the world championships.
ICU organizes training seminars for judges and trainers, global events and the World Cheerleading Championships. ICU is also fully applied to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and in accordance with the code set by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).
International Federation of Cheerleading (IFC) : Founded on 5 July 1998, the International Federation of Cheerleading (IFC) is a non-profit federation based in Tokyo, Japan, and is the world's cheerleading body. IFC's goal is to promote cheerleaders around the world, to disseminate knowledge about cheerleaders, and to develop friendly relationships between member associations and federations.
National Cheerleaders Association : The NCA was founded in 1948 by Lawrence Herkimer. Each year, the NCA hosts the NCA High School Cheerleading Nationals and NCA All-Star Cheerleading Nationals in Dallas, Texas. They also host NCA/NDA Collegiate Cheer & amp; Dance Championship in Daytona Beach, Florida.
The Society of the Spirit Society: In 1950, Robert Olmstead directed his first summer training camp, and the United States then developed from it. The focus of USA is on the gaming day experience as a way to increase audience entertainment. This focus leads to the first American football part-time show to reach teenagers from around the world and expose them to American-style cheerleading. USA has choreographic materials for professional and competitive cheerleader. USA provides competition for cheerleading squads without the previous qualifications required to participate. The organization also allows an opportunity for cheerleaders to become All-American, participate in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, and participate in the London New Year's Day Parade and other special events such as UCA and NCA allow participants to do so.
The Universal Cheerleaders Association: The Universal Cheerleading Association was founded in 1974 by Jeff Webb. Since 1980, UCA has hosted the National High School Cheerleading Championship at Walt Disney World Resort. They also hosted the All-Star National Cheerleading Championship, and the Cheerleading College National Championship at Walt Disney World Resort. To be eligible for this event, all teams must submit the video. All these events are broadcast on ESPN.
Competition and company
Asian Thailand Cheerleading Invitational (ATCI) : Hosted by the Cheerleading Association of Thailand (CAT) in accordance with the rules and regulations of the International Federation of Cheerleading (IFC). ATCI is held every year since 2009. At ATCI, many teams from across Thailand are competing, joining them are many invited neighboring countries who also send cheerleaders.
Cheerleading Asia International Championships (CAIOC) : Hosted by the Foundation of the Japanese Cheerleading Association (FJCA) in accordance with IFC rules and regulations. CAIOC has been an annual event since 2007. Every year, teams from all over Asia gather in Tokyo to compete.
Cheerleading World Championships (CWC) : Hosted by IFC. IFC is a non-profit organization founded in 1998 and based in Tokyo, Japan. The CWC has been held every two years since 2001, and to date, competitions have been held in Japan, the UK, Finland, Germany and Hong Kong. The 6th CWC was held at the Hong Kong Coliseum on 26-27 November 2011.
ICU World Championships : The International Cheer Union currently includes 105 National Federations from around the world. Each year, ICU hosts the World Cheerleading Championship. Unlike USASF Worlds, this competition uses the Level 6/Collegiate style rule. Countries gather and send only one team to represent them.
The National Cheerleading Championships (NCC) : The NCC is an IFC-sponsored national cheerleading competition in Indonesia hosted by the Indonesian Cheerleading Community (ICC). Since NCC 2010, the event is now open to international competition, representing a significant step forward for the ICC. Teams from countries such as Japan, Thailand, Philippines and Singapore participated in ground breaking events.
NLCC Final Destination : Nation's Cheading Companies Companies are multi branded companies, partnering with other companies such as: Americheer/Ameridance, American Cheer & amp; Dance Academy, Eastern Cheer & amp; Dance Association, and Spirit Unlimited. Every year, starting in 2006, NLCC hosts the US Final: The Final Destination of Cheerleading and Dance. Each team in attendance must be eligible and accept an offer at a partner company competition. In May 2008, NLCC and The JAM Brands announced a partnership to produce the US Final - End Final. There are nine Final Destination locations across the country. After the regional event, videos from all competing teams will be sent to a new panel of judges and rescued to rank the team against those who have never had a chance to compete.
The Pan-American Cheerleading Championship (PCC) : PCC was held for the first time in 2009 in the city of Latacunga, Ecuador and is a continental championship organized by the Pan-American Youth Federation of Cheerleading (PFC). PFC, operating under the IFC umbrella, is a non-profit cheerleader that aims to promote and develop cheerleaders in America. PCC is a biennial event, and held for the second time in Lima, Peru, in November 2010.
The JAM Brands : The JAM Brands, headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, provides products and services for the cheerleader and dance industry. It consists of about 12 different brands that produce everything from competition to camp to uniforms to merchandise and apparel. JAMfest, the original brand of The JAM Brands, has been around since 1996 and was founded by Aaron Flaker and Emmitt Tyler. And Kessler has since become the co-owner of The JAM Brands along with Flaker and Tyler.
USASF/IASF Worlds : Many American cheerleading organizations have formed and registered the United States All Star Federation (USASF) non-profit entity as well as the International All Star Federation (IASF) to support the cheerleading international club and World Cheerleading Club Championships. The first World Cheerleading Championship, or Cheerleading Worlds, was hosted by USASF/IASF at Walt Disney World Resort and recorded for ESPN's global broadcast in 2004. This competition is only for the All-Star/Club cheer. Only Junior 5, Senior 5, Senior Open 5, International 5, International Open 5, International 6 and International Open 6 can attend. Teams must accept offers from partner companies to attend.
Varsity : Partnering with UCA, Varsity created the National High School Cheerleading Championship in 1980. Varsity All-Star owns or partners with many of the country's biggest cheerleading events.
Title IX sports status
There is a great debate as to whether or not cheerleading should be considered a sport for Title IX (part of the US Education Amendment of 1972 prohibiting discrimination based on educational programs on the basis of sex) purposes. Proponents consider cheerleaders, overall, sports, to quote the use of athletic talent weight while critics see it as a physical activity because "sport" implies competition among all teams and not all teams compete, along with competition subjectivities where- like gymnastics, diving, and figure skating - scores are judged on the basis of human judgment and not objective or time-measuring objectives.
On January 27, 2009, in a lawsuit involving injury accidents suffered during cheerleading practice, the Supreme Court of Wisconsin ruled that cheerleaders were full contact sports in the state, not allowing any participants to be prosecuted for unintentional injuries. By contrast, on July 21, 2010, in a lawsuit involving whether a college cheerleader qualified as a sport for Title IX purposes, the federal court, on the grounds of the current lack of programming and organization development, decided that it was not a sport at all.
Danger of cheerleading
Cheerleading has the highest catastrophic injury rate in sport. The risk of cheerleaders was highlighted when Kristi Yamaoka, a cheerleader for Southern Illinois University, suffered a vertebral fracture when she hit her head after falling from a human pyramid. He also suffered a concussion, and a bruised lung. The fall came when Yamaoka lost her balance during a basketball game between Southern Illinois University and Bradley University at Savvis Center in St. Louis. Louis on March 5, 2006. The fall gets "national attention", as Yamaoka continues to emerge from the stretcher as he moves away from the game. Since then, Yamaoka has recovered completely.
The accident caused the Missouri Valley Conference to ban its member schools from allowing cheerleaders to "launch or throw and take part in a higher formation of two levels" for a week during a women's basketball tournament, and also generate recommendations by the NCAA that the conference and tournaments do not allow a two and a half pyramid high or higher, and the action known as a basket toss, for the rest of the men's and women's basketball season. On July 11, 2006, the ban was made permanent by the AACCA rules committee:
The organizers unanimously voted to review the cheerleading sport rules, most of all limiting certain upper level skills during basketball games. A basket toss, 2 high pyramids, one arm action, action involving twisting or flipping, and turning down falling skills can only be done during breaks and post matches on crumpled surfaces and banned during game play or time-out.
Another major cheerleading accident was the death of Lauren Chang. Chang died on April 14, 2008 after competing in a competition where his teammate had kicked him hard on his chest so his lungs collapsed.
Of the 2.9 million high school female athletes in the United States, only 3% are cheerleaders, but cheers accounted for nearly 65% ​​of all major injuries in the girls' high school athletics. The NCAA does not recognize cheerleading as a college sport; there is no solid figure on the college cheerleader, but when it comes to injury, 67% female athlete injury at the college level is due to a cheerleading accident. Another study found that between 1982 and 2007, there were 103 fatal, crippling, or serious injuries recorded among high school female athletes, with most (67) occurring in cheerleaders.
In early 2000, cheerleading was regarded as one of the most dangerous school activities. The main source of injury comes from stunting, also known as the pyramid. These actions take place in matches and parades, as well as competitions. Sometimes the competition routines only focus on the use of difficult and risky stunts. This action usually includes a flyer (the person above), along with one or two bases (the people below), and one or two complainants in front and back at the bottom. The most common cheerleading-related injuries are concussions. 96% of the concussion is related to the stunt. Other injuries are: sprained ankle, sprained wrist, back injury, head injury (sometimes concussion), broken arm, elbow injury, knee injury, broken nose, and collarbone broken. Sometimes, however, the injury can be as serious as whiplash, broken neck, vertebral fracture, and death.
The journal Pediatrics reportedly says that the number of cheerleaders suffering from fractures, concussions and sprains has risen by more than 100 percent between 1990 and 2002, and by 2001, there were 25,000 hospitals. visits reported for cheerleading injuries related to shoulder, ankle, head, and neck. Meanwhile, in the United States, cheerleaders accounted for 65.1% of all major physical injuries for high school women, and 66.7% of major injuries to students due to physical activity from 1982 to 2007, with 22,900 children hospitalized with cheerleading - related injury in 2002.
In October 2009, the American Cheerleading Coach and Advisory Association (AACCA), a subsidiary of Varsity Brands, released a study analyzing data from emergency room visits of all high school athletes. This study confirms that contrary to many perceptions, cheerleading injuries are in line with women's sport.
Cheerleading (for girls and boys) is one of the sports studied in the Pediatric Injury Prevention, Education and Research Program of the Colorado School of Public Health year 2009/10-2012/13. Data on cheerleading injuries are included in the report for 2012-13.
In popular culture
- Movies and television
The reformed and provocative Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders in the 1970s - and the many copycats that followed - firmly establish cheerleaders as American icons of healthy sex appeal. In response, a new subgenre of exploit films suddenly appeared with titles such as The Cheerleaders (1972), The Swinging Cheerleaders (1974), Revenge of the Cheerleaders (1975), The Pom Pom Girls (1976), Cheerleaders Satan (1977), Cheerleaders Beach Party (1978), < i> Wild weekend Cheerleaders (1979), and Give 'F' (1984). In addition to the sex comedy and horror films, cheerleaders became the subject of the adult film industry, starting with Debbie Does Dallas (1978) and its four sequels.
On television, the movie made for The Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders (broadcast on January 14, 1979) starring Jane Seymour was a hit, spawning the 1980 bout The Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders II
The Dallas squad was in high demand during the late 1970s with frequent appearances in networking specials, awards shows, programs, ads, games and family games like The Love Boat >. Script science sitcom Mork & amp; Mindy also based an episode of 1979 around the Denver Broncos cheerleaders with Mork (Robin Williams) who tried to squad.
The Positive Adventure of a Texas Cheerleader Laughing Chance (1993) is a TV movie that dramatizes the true story of Wanda Holloway, a Texas mother whose obsession with her daughter's cheerleading career made headlines. Another spooky TV movie based on a true story, Fab Five: The Texas Cheerleader Scandal was produced in 2008.
The increasing popularity of Cheerleading in recent decades has made it a prominent feature in high school themed movies and television shows. The 2000 film Bring It On, about the San Diego high school cheerleader squad called "The Toros", starring former cheerleader Kirsten Dunst. Bring It On is staggering and generating nearly $ 70 million domestically. It spawned five live-to-video sequels: Bring It On Again (2004), Bring It On: All or Nothing (2006), Bring It On: In It To Win It (2007), Bring It On: Fight to the Finish (2009) and Bring It On: Worldwide Cheersmack (2017). The first Bring It On is followed by cheerleader caper-comedy, Sugar & amp; Spice (2001) and a series of horror/action films such as the movie Cheerleader Ninjas (2002), Cheerleader Autopsy, Cheerleader Massacre 2003), Chainsaw Cheerleaders , and Ninja Cheerleaders (both 2008).
In 2006, Hayden Panettiere, star of Bring It On: All or Nothing, took on another cheerleading role as Claire Bennet, an accelerated healing cheerleader on the hit NBC hit sci-fi series Heroes , launching cheerleaders back into the center of pop culture. Claire is the main focus of the show's first story arc, featuring a popular slogan, "Save the cheerleader, save the world". Her prominent protagonist role in Heroes is supported by a strong fan base and provides a positive image for high school cheerleaders.
In 2009, Panettiere re-starred as a cheerleader, this time as Beth Cooper in a film adapted from the novel I Love You, Beth Cooper .
In 2006, the reality show Cheerleader Nation was featured on the television channel Lifetime. Cheerleader Nation is a 60-minute television series based on the sophistication of Paul Laurence Dunbar High School's cheerleading team on the way to the country, where they are three-time champions. The show also believes that cheerleading is very difficult. The show took place in Lexington, Kentucky.
The 2007 series Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders: Creating Team shows the process of getting a pro squad from the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders. Everything starts from the initial test to the exercise routines and the difficulties involved are displayed.
Fired! , a teen comedy about the cheerleader camp, released by Screen Gems in 2009. In the supernatural horror films Jennifer Body (2009), Megan Fox plays Demonic has a high school cheerleader. Also that year, Universal Pictures signed a music video and film director Bille Woodruff ( Barbershop , Honey ) to direct the fifth movie in the series "Bring It On" series Bring It On: Fight to the Finish . Movie star Christina Milian (who previously played cheerleaders at Love i not Cost a Thing
The television series Glee (2009-2015) features Dianna Agron as Quinn Fabray, the captain of her high school cheerleading team, Cheerios. Quinn became pregnant, which caused her to be expelled from the squad, but two of the other Cheerios, Santana Lopez and Brittany Pierce also stood out in the show. In "The Power of Madonna" Kurt Hummel joins the Cheerios along with Mercedes Jones.
The CW Television Network creates the short-lived series of Hellcats (2010-11). This drama is about ups and downs being a college cheerleader. It stars Aly Michalka as Marty (a former gymnast who was forced to become a cheerleader after his academic scholarship was canceled) and Ashley Tisdale from High School Musical.
Recent films include the teenage sex comedy # 1 Cheerleader Camp (2010) and the All Cheerleaders Die horror comedy (2013), a remake of the 2001 film. same name.
- Video game
Nintendo has released a pair of video games in Japan for the Nintendo DS, Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan and the sequel Moero! Nekketsu Rhythm Damashii who is a team star of a cheerful male squad, or Ouendan who practices a cheerleading form. Each of the most difficult game modes replaces the male character with a female addict squad wearing a western cheerleading uniform. These games provide guiding teams by helping people in great need of help by encouraging them and motivating them to succeed. There's also the All Star Cheerleader and We Cheer for Wii where somebody does routine on the competition with Wiimote & amp; Nunchuck. All Star Cheerleader is also available for the Nintendo DS.
Cheerleading in Canada
Cheerleading in Canada is increasingly popular among youth in co-curricular programs. Cheerleading has grown from the sidelines into a competitive activity worldwide and especially in Canada. Cheerleading has several streams in Canadian sporting culture. It's available in high school, high school, college, and is famous for all-star. There are several regional, provincial and national championship opportunities for all athletes participating in cheerleading. Canada does not have a provincial team, only a national program known as the CCU or the Canadian Team. Their first year as a national team was in 2009 when they represented Canada at the International Cheer Union World Cheerleading Championships Cheer Union (ICU).
Canada as a competition
There is no official government agency for Canadian cheerleading. The rules and guidelines for cheerleading used in Canada are those established by USASF. However, there are many organizations in Canada that wear the competition and have separate rules and scoresheets and individuals for each competition. Cheer Evolution is Canada's largest cheerleading and dance organization. They hold many competitions as well as provide competition for bids to Worlds. There are other organizations such as Ontario Cheerleading Federation (Ontario), Power Cheerleading Association (Ontario), Kicks Athletics (Quebec), and International Cheer Alliance (Vancouver). There are over forty competitive sports clubs recognized with many teams competing in competitions in Canada. Canadian Canada at the World Cheerleading Championships (USASF/ICU) Canada at the World Cheerleading Championships (USASF/ICU) h3>
There are two world championship competitions followed by Canada. There is an ICU World Championship where national teams compete with each other and then there is a world championship club team. The club teams are referred to as the "all star" team that competes in the USASF Cheerleading World Championship. This is where the team must get an offer from their own country to attend. National team members who compete in the ICU World can also compete with their "all-star club" team. Although athletes can compete in International Cheer Union (ICU) and USASF, crossover between teams in each individual competition is not allowed. Teams compete against other teams from their country on the first day of competition and the top three teams from each country in each division continue to the final. At the end of the round, the top teams who score the highest score for his country get the "Nation Cup". Canada has several teams across their country competing in the USASF Cheerleading World Championship.
The International Cheer Union (ICU) is built from 103 countries competing against each other in four divisions; Coed Premier, All-girl Premier, Coed Elite, and All-girl Elite. Canada has a national team run by the Canadian Cheer Union (CCU). Team Elite Level 5 Coed and their All-girl Elite Level 5 team are 4 times world champions. They are found from all over the country. In 2013, they added two more teams to their list. A new division that will compete directly with the United States: in the All-girl and Coed Premier Level 6 divisions. Members try and are selected based on their skills and potential to succeed. Athletes are selected from all directions. Canada's national program has evolved into one of the most successful programs.
Cheerleading in the United Kingdom
Famous former cheerleading
See also
References
External links
- Cheerleading in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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