The horseshoe system has three main functions in the body. Protects vital organs, provides a framework, and supports gentle body parts. Horses usually have 205 bones. The pelvic limb usually contains 19 bones, while the thorax branch contains 20 bones.
Video Skeletal system of the horse
Bone function
Bones serve three major functions in the skeletal system; they act as levers, they store minerals, and they are the location of red blood cell formation. Bones can be classified into five categories
- Long Bones: helps the mover, stores minerals, and acts as a lever. They are found mainly in limbs.
- Short Bone: Absorbs concussion. Found in joints such as knees, hock, and fetlock.
- Bone Flat: Include body cavities that contain organs. Iga is an example of flat bone.
- Irregular Bones: Protect the central nervous system. The vertebral column consists of irregular bone.
- Sesamoids: The bone is embedded in the tendon. The proximal digital horseshoe horse is simply called "sesamoid bone" by the horseman, a digital distal seamoid called the navicular bone.
Ligaments and tendons hold the skeletal system together. The ligaments hold the bone to the bone and the tendon holds the bone to the muscle. Synovial membranes are found in joint capsules, where they contain synovial fluid, which lubricates the joints. The bone is covered by a hard membrane called periosteum, which covers the entire bone including the area of ​​articulation.
Maps Skeletal system of the horse
Ligaments
Ligaments attach bone to bone, and vital in stabilizing joints and support structures. They are made of fibrous materials that are generally quite strong. Because of their relatively poor blood supply, ligament injuries usually take a long time to heal.
Ligaments from the upper body include:
- Nuchal and supraspinous ligaments: nuchal ligaments attached to the dorsal surface of the cervical vertebra. The back extends from the protrusion of the skull's head (poling) to the withers, then narrows into the supraspinous ligament. It also connects the 2-7 cervical vertebrae with the thoracic vertebra 1-3. The main purpose is to support the head and allow it to move up or down.
- Interapital ligaments: located between the first rib to the eleventh. Help to prevent torakic herniation.
Ligaments in the legs include:
- suspensory ligament: runs from behind a canon bone (between two spint bones), then splits into two branches and attaches to a sesamoid bone at the bottom of the fetlock. The branches continue down and attached to the extensor tendon. The main purpose of suspensory is to support the fetlock joint, preventing it from overextending. Injury to the ligaments is an important cause of inequality in performance horses. The suspension is a modified muscle, the horses equivalent of the interosseous muscle, which contains both tendon fibers and residual muscle fibers.
- Interosseous ligaments: connect the cannon bone to each spinal bone. Injury to this ligament produces a condition known as "splint".
- Proximal and distal check ligaments: Proximal proximity ligaments are from the fingers and attached to the shallow digital flexor tendon. The distal examination comes from the palmar carpal ligament and attaches to the digital flexor tendon in, approximately 2/3 of the way down the metacarpus.
- The Plantar Ligament: behind the leg, runs on the lateral side of the tarsus, attached to the bone, the tarsal bone 4, and the 3rd metatarsal bone. Injuries lead to a condition known as "sidewalks."
- Inter-sesamoidean ligaments: supporting the ligaments, running between two sesamoid bones.
- distal sesamoidean ligaments: run from the sesamoid bone to the two pastoral bones. Important in the tool stay.
- Impar ligaments: stretches between the navicular bone and the 3rd phalanx.
- Annular ligaments: surround the rear of the fetlock, surrounding the flexor tendon and the tendon sheath, attached to the sesamoid bone. This helps to support the fetlock, and provides a "pulley" enclosed for flexor tendons to run.
- Sacrosciatic ligaments: Derived from the sacrum and coccygeal vertebrae, inserted into the pelvis.
Axial template
The axial skeleton contains the skull, spine, breastbone, and ribs. The sternum consists of several sternebrae, which fuse to form one bone, attached to the 8 "right" rib tide, out of a total of 18.
The vertebral column usually contains 54 bones: 7 cervical vertebrae, including the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2) that support and help move the skull, 18 (or rarely, 19) thorax, 5-6 lumbar, 5 sacral forming sacrum), and 15-25 caudal vertebrae with an average of 18. Differences in numbers can occur, especially on certain breeds. For example, some, though not all, Arabs, may have 5 lumbar spine, as opposed to 6, 17 ordinary thoracic vertebrae (and ribs), instead of 18, and 16 or 17 caudal vertebrae instead of 18. Horse exhaustion is made by spinal process backs the thoracic vertebral number 5 to 9.
The skull consists of 34 bones and contains four holes: the cranial cavity, orbital cavity, mouth, and nasal cavity. The cranial cavity covers and protects the brain and supports multiple sense organs. The orbital crater surrounds and protects the eyes. The oral cavity is the entrance to the respiratory and digestive system. The nasal cavity leads to the respiratory system, and includes broad paranasal sinuses. The nasal cavity contains Konka bones that protect the mucous membranes lining the cavities from warm-inspired air. The skull consists of fourteen large bones
- Sharp bone (premaxila): the maxillary part; where the incisors are attached
- Nasal bone: covering the nasal cavity
- The maxillary bone: a large bone containing a molar root
- Mandibula: the lower part of the jaw; the largest bone in the skull
- Laryngeal bone: contains nasolacrimal duct, which carries fluid from the surface of the eye, into the nose
- The front bone: creates a horse's forehead
- The parietal bone: extends from the forehead to the back of the skull
- Occipital bone: forming joints between the first skull and spine of the neck (atlas)
- The temporal bone: contains an eternal acoustic meatus, which transmits sound from ear to cochlea (ear drum)
- Zygomatic bone: attached to the temporal bone to form a zygomatic arch (cheekbone)
- Palatine bone: forms the back of the hard palate
- Sphenoid: formed by bone fusion of basephenoid and fetal presfenoid bone, at the base of the skull. Can be cracked on a horse backwards.
- Vomer: forms the top of the nasal cavity
- Pterygoid: small bone attached to the sphenoid extending downward
Appendicular Framework
The appendicular framework contains both the fore and the hind legs. The rear legs attach to the vertebral column through the pelvis, whereas the forelimb is not directly attached to the spine (since the horse has no neck bone), and vice versa is in place by the muscles and tendons. This allows great mobility on the front limb, and is partly responsible for the ability of the horse to fold its legs while jumping. Although hindlimb only supports about 40% of the animal's weight, it creates most of the horse forward movement, and is stabilized through attachment to the spine.
Bones and important joints of the forelimb
- Scapula (shoulder blades): flat bones with cartilage areas that mostly form withered. The length and angle of the shoulders is very important for horsemen when evaluating conformations.
- Humerus: located between the scapula and the fingers, angles about 55 degrees down and backward. (Misspelled in image as "Humercus")
- Radius: extends from the elbow, where it articulates with the humerus, and moves downwards to the carpus. It forms the "forearm" of the horse along with the ulna.
- Ulna: caudal to the fingers, usually partly attached to the bones in an adult horse. Shoulder joints (sululohumeral joints): usually have an angle of 120-130 degrees when the horse stands, which can be extended to 145 degrees, and flexed to 80 degrees (such as horse jumps and obstacles).
- Elbow joint (humeroradial joint): hinge joints that can flex 55-60 degrees.
- Carpus (knee): consists of 7-8 bones placed in 2 rows to form 3 joints. The first carpal bone is present only 50% of the time. Which in humans is the wrist.
Bones and joints are important from hindlimb
- Pelvis: made of os coxae, the largest flat bone in the horse. It consists of ilium, iscium, and pubis. At the junction of these three bones is a cavity called acetabulum, which serves as a socket of the hip joint. The pelvic cavity is larger in diameter in horses than in horses, providing more room for foals during birth.
- Femur: the largest long bone in a horse. Proximal form of spherical-and-socket joints with pelvis to form hip joints, and distally met with tibia and patella on stiff joints. It serves as an attachment point for the inner and middle glueteal muscles, and the accessory and the round ligaments.
- Patella
- Tibia: run from stiff to hock. The proximal end provides attachment to the patellar ligament, the meniscal ligament, the cruciate ligament, and the collateral ligament of the stylok. The distal end provides attachment to the collateral ligament of the agglomerates.
- Fibula: completely united with the tibia in most horses.
- Pelvic joints: The ball-and-socket joints are composed of pelvic acetabulum and femur. It's very stable.
- Stifle joints (femoropatellar joints): actually consists of three joint compartments: the femoropatellar joint, the medial femorotibial joint, and the lateral femorotibial joint, which is stabilized by the ligamentous tissue. The rifle has an articular angle of about 150 degrees.
- Tarsus (hock): consists of 6 bones (one consisting of tarsal 1 and 2 tarsal bones) aligned in 3 rows. The largest bone in the hock, the calcaneal or fibular tarsal bone, corresponds to the human heel, and creates a calcis tube (hock point). At this point the gastrocnemius tendon, part of the biceps femoris, and part of the superficial digital flexor attaches.
The bone of the lower limb
Lower limb bones, present on both front and back legs, including cannon bones (3rd metatarp/3rd metatarsal), splints (2nd and 4th/metatarsal metacarps), proximal sesamoid bones, long pastern (middle or second phalanx), coffin bone (phalanx distal or third), and navicular bone (distal sesamoid). There is usually a small difference in this bone when comparing the front and back. The 3rd Metatarsal is about 1/6 longer than the 3rd metacarpal. Similarly, the 2nd and 4th metatars are longer when compared to their front-end counterparts. In hindlimb, the first phalanx is shorter and the second phalanx is longer than in frontlimb. In addition, the 2nd and 3rd phalanx is narrower at the back. The angle made by these three bones in the hindleg is steeper at about 5 degrees, thus making the angle of the paster steeper than in the front.
Skeletal system disruption
- Arthritis (horse)
- degenerative joint disease (DJD), such as spavin bone, bone ring, omarthritis
- Inflammatory joint disease such as Carpitis (knee sprain), osselet
- Bucked shins
- Curb
- Degenerative suspensory desmitis ligament (DSLD), and suspensory ligament sprain
- Fracture
- Locked kneecap (release of pending patella or fixation up on patella)
- navicular disease
- Osteochondrosis (horse)
- Sesamoiditis
- Splints
- Sour nose
The joint disease in horses
Horse performance, like human athletes, puts a large amount of pressure on their bones and joints. This is especially true if the horse jumps, runs, or does a sudden bend or change of pace, as can be seen in horse races, showing jumper, participant, polo horse, conqueror, and western performance horse. Percentage of high performance horse develop arthritis, especially if they work intensely when young or working on a bad footing.
Treatment of early joint disease often involves a combination of management and nutraceuticals. Intramuscular, intravenous, and intraarticular drugs may be added as disease develops. Advanced therapies, such as Interleukin-1 Receptor Protein Protein (IRAP) and stem cell treatments, are available for acute cases.
References
- Forney, Barbara C, MS, VMD. Medicines Equine, Revised Edition. Horse Blood Publication. Lexington, KY. Copyright 2007.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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