Self-harm

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Self-injury , also known as self-injury , is defined as intentional and direct body tissue damage, committed without suicidal intent. Other terms like cutting and self-mutilation have been used for any self-injury behavior regardless of suicidal intent. The most common form of self-harm is to use sharp objects to cut off a person's skin. Other forms include behaviors such as burning, scratching, or hitting parts of the body. While older definitions include such behaviors as disrupting wound healing, excessive skin-taking (dermatillomania), pulling hair (trichotillomania) and ingesting toxic substances or objects as self-harm, in current terminology that is distinguished from self-defeating terms.

Behavior associated with substance abuse and eating disorders is not considered to be self-defeating because the resulting tissue damage is usually an unintentional side effect. Although suicide is not a self-harmful intention, the relationship between self-harm and suicide is complex, because self-injurious behavior can be potentially life-threatening. There is also an increased risk of suicide in self-harmful and self-harmful individuals found in 40-60% of suicides. However, generalising individuals who harm themselves to suicide is, in most cases, inaccurate.

The desire to harm yourself is a common symptom of personality disorder threshold. People with other mental disorders may also injure themselves, including those who are depressed, anxiety disorders, substance abuse, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, and some personality disorders. Self-harm can also occur in high-functioning individuals who do not have an underlying mental health diagnosis. Motivation for self-harm varies. Some use it as a coping mechanism to provide relief while intense feelings such as anxiety, depression, stress, emotional numbness, or a sense of failure. Self-harm is often associated with a history of trauma, including emotional and sexual abuse. There are a number of different methods that can be used to treat self-harm and that concentrate on treating the underlying cause or treating the behavior itself. When self-harm is linked to depression, antidepressant medications and therapies may be effective. Another approach involves avoidance techniques, which focus on keeping individuals busy with other activities, or replacing self-harmful acts with safer methods that do not lead to permanent damage.

In 2013, about 3.3 million cases of self-injury occurred. Self-harm is the most common between the ages of 12 and 24 years. Self-injury is more common in women than men with this risk of being a toddler times greater in the 12-15 year age group. Self-disadvantage in childhood is relatively rare but this number has increased since the 1980s. Self-harm can also occur in the elderly population. The risk of serious injury and suicide is higher among self-injured parents. Prisoners, such as birds and apes, are also known to participate in self-injurious behavior.

Video Self-harm

Classification

Self-injury (SH), also referred to as self-injury (SI), self-inflicted violence (SIV), nonsuicidal self injury NSSI) or self-harm behavior (SIB), is a different term to assume the behavior in which the demonic wound is self-generated. Such behavior involves intentional tissue damage that is usually done without the intention of suicide. The most common form of self-harm involves cutting the skin using sharp objects, e. g. knife or razor blade. The term self-mutilation is also sometimes used, although this phrase evokes connotations that some people find worrying, inaccurate, or derogatory. Self-inflicted wound is a specific term associated with the soldier to describe the non-lethal wounds inflicted to gain initial dismissal from the battle. This differs from the general definition of self-harm, because damage is generated for certain secondary purposes. A wider definition of self-injury may also include those who injure their bodies by irregular eating.

The older literature has used several different terms. For this reason, research in the last decade inconsistently focuses on self-injurious behavior without and with suicidal intent (including suicide attempts) with various definitions that lead to inconsistent and unclear outcomes.

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) has been listed as a proposed disorder in DSM-5 under the category "Conditions for Further Study". It should be noted that the proposed diagnostic criteria for future diagnosis are not officially approved diagnoses and should not be used for clinical use but are intended for research purposes only. This disorder is defined as a deliberate self-injury without the intention of committing suicide. Criteria for NSSI include five or more days of self-generated losses for one year without suicidal intent, and individuals should be motivated by seeking help from a negative state, resolving interpersonal difficulties, or achieving a positive state.

The general belief about self-harm is that it is attention-seeking behavior; However, in many cases, this is not accurate. Many self-violators are well aware of their injuries and scars and feel guilty about their behavior, leading them to strive to hide their behavior from others. They may offer alternative explanations for their injuries, or hide their scars with clothes. Self-harm to the individual may not be related to suicidal or para-suicidal behavior. People who hurt themselves usually do not look for ways to end their own lives; it has been stated otherwise that they use self-destructive as a coping mechanism to relieve emotional pain or discomfort or as an attempt to communicate distress. Alternatively, an interpretation based on a perceived danger of self-harm may not give a clear indication of its intent: life-threatening behaviors may have no intention of suicide, while seemingly superficial cuts may be suicidal attempts.

Studies of individuals with developmental disabilities (such as intellectual disability) have shown self-destruction that depends on environmental factors such as getting attention or escaping demands. Some individuals may have dissociation hide the desire to feel real or get into the rules of society.

Maps Self-harm

Signs and symptoms

Eighty percent of self-harm involves stabbing or cutting skin with sharp objects. However, the number of self-harming methods is limited only by the creative power of the individual and their determination to harm themselves; These include burning, self-poisoning, alcohol abuse, embedding of objects, pulling hair, bruising/self-beating, scratching to self-harm, misuse of drugs or prescription drugs, and self-harm forms associated with anorexia and bulimia. The location of self-harm is often a part of the body that is easily hidden and hidden from the detection of others. As well as defining self-harm in terms of bodily harmful actions, it may be more accurate to define self-harm in terms of intent, and the emotional stress that the person is trying to deal with. Both DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 provide diagnostic criteria for self-harm. This is often seen only as a symptom of the underlying disorder, although many people who hurt themselves will like this to deal with. Common signs that a person may be involved in hurting themselves include the following: they make sure that there are always dangerous objects near them, they have difficulty in their personal relationships, their behavior becomes unpredictable, they question their value and identity , they make statements that show helplessness and despair.

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Cause

Mental disorders

Although some people who hurt themselves do not have any known form of mental disorder, many people who experience various forms of mental illness have a higher risk of self-harm. The main areas of disorder that indicate an increased risk include autism spectrum disorders, personality threshold disorder, bipolar disorder, depression, phobias, and behavioral disorders. Schizophrenia can also be a contributing factor to self-destruction. Those diagnosed with schizophrenia have a high risk of suicide, which is especially greater in younger patients because they may not have insight into the serious effects that can occur on their life disorders. Substance abuse is also considered a risk factor such as some personal characteristics such as poor problem solving skills and impulsivity. There is an alignment between self-harm and MÃÆ'¼nchausen syndrome, a psychiatric disorder in which individuals pretend to be sick or traumatized. There may be a common basis of mental disorder that culminates in self-directed hazards in MÃÆ'¼nchausen patients. However, the desire to deceive medical personnel to get care and attention is more important in MÃÆ'¼nchausen than to harm yourself.

Psychological factors

Abuse during childhood is accepted as a major social factor that increases the incidence of self-harm, such as mourning, and the relationship of a troubled parent or spouse. Factors such as war, poverty, and unemployment can also contribute. Other predictors of self-harm and suicidal behavior include feeling trapped, defeated, lacking, and perceiving oneself as a burden along with less effective social problem-solving skills. Self-harm is often described as a depersonalization experience or a dissociative state. As many as 70% of individuals with impaired personality disorder engage in self-harm. It is estimated that 30% of individuals with autism spectrum disorders engage in self-harm at some point, including eye-poking, skin-picking, hand bite, and head-banging. The onset of puberty has also proven to be the beginning of self-harm including the incidence of sexual activity; this is because puberty is a period of neural developmental susceptibility and comes with an increased risk of emotional disturbance and risk taking behavior.

Genetics

The most characteristic characteristic of a rare genetic condition, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, is self-harm and may include bite and head-banging. Genetics can contribute to the risk of developing other psychological conditions, such as anxiety or depression, which in turn can lead to self-harming behaviors. However, the relationship between genetics and self-harm in healthy patients is largely unconvincing.

Drugs and alcohol

Substance abuse, dependence, and withdrawal are associated with self-harm. The dependence of benzodiazepines as well as the withdrawal of benzodiazepines is associated with self-injurious behavior in young people. Alcohol is a major risk factor for self-harm. A study analyzing a self-defeating presentation to the emergency room in Northern Ireland found that alcohol was a major contributing factor and involved in 63.8% of self-harming presentations. A recent study in the relationship between the use of cannabis and self-inflicted cannabis (DSH) in Norway and the UK found that, in general, the use of cannabis may not be a specific risk factor for DSH in young adolescents. Smoking is also linked to self-harm in adolescents; one study found that suicide attempts were four times higher for teens who smoked than those who did not.

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Pathophysiology

Self-injury is not usually a suicidal behavior, although it is possible that self-inflicted injury can result in life-threatening damage. Although the person may not recognize the connection, self-harm is often a response to intense and extraordinary emotional pain that can not be resolved in a more functional way.

Motivation for self-harm is different, because it can be used to fulfill a number of different functions. These functions include self-harming used as a coping mechanism that provides temporary relief of intense feelings such as anxiety, depression, stress, emotional numbness and a sense of failure or self-loathing. There is also a positive statistical correlation between self-harm and emotional abuse. Self-harm can be a means of managing and controlling pain, in contrast to the pain experienced earlier in the lives of people they have no control over (eg, through abuse).

Other motives for self-harm do not fit the model of medical behavior and may seem unintelligible to others, as this quote shows: "My motivations for self-harm are various, but include checking the inside of my arm for a hydraulic line. sounds weird. "

Assessment of motives in medical settings is usually based on precursors to patient events, circumstances, and information. However, limited research suggests that professional judgment tends to suggest a more manipulative motive or punishment than personal judgment.

The ONS UK study reports only two motives: "to attract attention" and "out of anger". For some, harming themselves can be a means to draw attention to the need for help and to ask for help indirectly. It may also be an attempt to influence others and manipulate it emotionally. However, people with chronic and recurrent self-disorder often do not want attention and hide their scars carefully.

Many self-injured people claim that it allows them to "go" or separate, separating the mind from the feelings that cause suffering. This can be accomplished by tricking the mind into believing that the present suffering is caused by self-harm rather than the problem that they have faced before: physical pain thus acts as a distraction from the original emotional pain. To complement this theory, one can consider the need to "stop" feeling emotional pain and mental agitation. "Someone may be hyper-sensitive and overwhelmed, so many thoughts may spin in their minds, and they may become triggered or able to make the decision to stop this extraordinary feeling."

Alternatively, self-harm can be a means to feel something, even if the sensation is unpleasant and painful. Those who injure themselves sometimes describe feelings of emptyness or numbness (anhedonia), and physical pain can relieve these feelings. "A person can be detached from himself, irrespective of life, numbness and heartlessness, they can then recognize the need to function more, or have a desire to feel real again, and decisions are made to create sensations and 'wake up'.

Those who engage in self-harm face the contradictory reality of hurting themselves while at the same time getting help from this action. It may even be difficult for some people to actually start cutting, but they often do so because they know the help that will follow. For some self-injury this help is especially psychological while for others this sense of relief comes from beta endorphins released in the brain. Endorphins are endogenous opioids released in response to physical injury, act as natural pain relievers, and induce pleasant feelings and will act to reduce emotional tension and stress. Many reports that hurt themselves feel very little or no pain while harming oneself and, for some, deliberately hurting themselves can be a means of seeking pleasure.

As a coping mechanism, self-harm can be a psychological addiction because, for yourself, it works; it allows them to face strong pressure on the current moment. Patterns that are sometimes created by him, such as certain time intervals between self-harmful acts, can also create patterns of behavior that can generate desire or desire to fill the mind of self-harm.

Autonomic nervous system

Emotional pain activates the same brain area as physical pain, so emotional stress can be a very unbearable condition for some people. Some of these are environmental and some of these are due to physiological differences in response. The autonomic nervous system consists of two components: the sympathetic nervous system controls passion and physical activation (eg, fight-or-flight response) and the parasympathetic nervous system controls the automatic physical processes (eg, saliva production). The sympathetic nervous system innervates (eg, physically connected and regulates) many parts of the body are involved in the stress response. Studies in adolescents show that self-injuring teenagers have greater physiological reactivity (eg, skin conductance) to stress than teenagers who do not hurt themselves. This stress response continues over time, remains constant or even elevated in adolescents who injure themselves, but gradually decreases in adolescents who do not hurt themselves.

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Treatment

There is considerable uncertainty about the most effective forms of psychosocial and physical care of the most effective self-harmful people. Psychiatric and personality disorders are common in individuals who hurt themselves and as a result self-injury can be an indicator of depression and/or other psychological problems. Many people who hurt themselves have moderate or severe depression and therefore treatment with antidepressants may often be used. There is transient evidence for the flupentixol drug; However, greater research is needed before it can be recommended.

Therapy

There is no established treatment for self-defeating behavior in children or adolescents. Cognitive behavioral therapy can also be used to help those with Axis I diagnoses, such as depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Dialectic behavior therapy (DBT) can be successful for individuals who exhibit personality disorders, and can potentially be used for those with other mental disorders that exhibit self-injury behavior. The diagnosis and treatment of the cause of self-destruction is considered by many to be the best approach to self-harm. But in some cases, especially in people with personality disorders, this is not very effective, so more doctors are starting to take DBT approaches to reduce the behavior itself. People who rely on hurt habits are sometimes hospitalized, based on their stability, their ability and especially their willingness to get help. In teens multisystem therapy shows promise. Treatments such as CBT, family intervention, interpersonal therapy, and various psychodynamic therapies have all proven to be effective in treating self-harming behaviors in children and adolescents. Pharmacotherapy has not been tested as a treatment for teenagers who hurt themselves.

A meta-analysis found that psychological therapy is effective in reducing self-destruction. The proportion of adolescents who injured themselves during the follow-up period was lower in the intervention group (28%) than in the controls (33%). Psychological therapy with the largest effect size is dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and mental-based therapy (MBT).

In individuals with developmental disabilities, self-injury events are often shown to be related to their impact on the environment, such as obtaining attention or desired material or escaping requests. As individuals who experience defective developments often have communication or social deficits, self-harm may be their way of obtaining these things that they can not obtain in a socially appropriate way (such as by asking). One approach to treating self-harm is thus to teach the alternative, the right response that gets the same results as hurting oneself.

Evasion techniques

Generating alternative behaviors that the person may engage in rather than hurting themselves is one of the successful methods of behavior used to avoid hurting oneself. Techniques, which aim to stay busy, may include journals, walks, participate in sports or sports or be around friends when the person has the urge to hurt themselves. The removal of objects used to harm oneself from easy reach also helps to resist self-injurious impulses. Providing a card that allows the person to make emergency contacts with counseling services if the urge to harm yourself can also help prevent self-harm. Safer alternatives and methods of self-harm that do not cause permanent damage, such as the snapping of rubber bands on the wrist, can also help calm the urge to harm oneself. Using biofeedback can help increase self-awareness of a particular pre-occupation or particular mental state or mood that precedes an attack of self-injury behavior, and helps identify techniques to avoid pre-employment before they cause self-destruction. Any avoidance or coping strategy must be in accordance with the motivation and individual reasons for injury.

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Epidemiology

It is difficult to get an accurate picture of the incidence and prevalence of self-harm. This is due to the lack of sufficient numbers of specialized research centers to provide a sustainable monitoring system. However, even with sufficient resources, statistical estimates are crude because most self-harm incidents that are confidential to the medical profession as self-harmful acts are often carried out in secret, and injuries can be superficial and easily treatable by individuals. Recorded numbers can be based on three sources: psychiatric samples, hospital admissions and general population surveys.

The World Health Organization estimates that, in 2010, 880,000 deaths occurred as a result of self-destruction. About 10% of admissions to medical wards in the UK are as a result of self-harm, most of which is drug overdose. However, studies based solely on hospital admissions may hide larger groups that injure themselves unnecessarily or seek hospital treatment for their injuries, instead treating themselves. Many teenagers who came to the public hospital deliberately injured themselves reporting previous episodes that received no medical attention. In the United States up to 4% of adults hurt themselves with about 1% of the population involved in severe or chronic self-destruction.

Current research shows that self-harm rates are much higher among young people with an average age of onset between 14 and 24. The earliest reported incidence of self-harm was in children between 5 and 7 years. In the UK in 2008 the level of self-harm in young people can be as high as 33%. In addition there appears to be an increased risk of self-harm among students rather than among the general population. In a study of undergraduate students in the US, 9.8% of the students surveyed indicated that they deliberately cut or burned themselves at least on one occasion in the past. When the definition of self-harm is extended to include head-banging, self-scratching, and self-infestation by cutting and burning, 32% of the samples say they have done this. In Ireland, a study found that instances of self-impaired hospitalization were much higher in urban and urban districts, than in rural areas. A CASE Study (Children & Self Rejuvenation in Europe) shows that the lifetime risk of self-injury is ~ 1: 7 for women and ~ 1: 25 for men.

Gender differences

In general, recent aggregate studies found no difference in the prevalence of self-harm between men and women. This is in contrast to previous research showing that up to four times as many women as men have direct experience of hurting themselves. However, it is worth noting in looking at self-destruction as a bigger problem for women, because men can engage in various forms of self-harm (for example, self-beating) that can be more easily hidden or explained as a result of various circumstances. Therefore, there is still a very contradictory view of whether gender paradox is a real phenomenon, or only biased artifacts in data collection.

WHO/EURO Multicenter Study of Suicide, founded in 1989, shows that, for each age group, women's rate of self-injury exceeds men, with the highest rates among women in the 13-24 age group and the highest. level among men in the 12-34 year age group. However, these differences have been known to vary significantly depending on population and methodological criteria, consistent with the widespread uncertainty in collecting and interpreting data on general self-harm levels. Such problems are sometimes the focus of criticism in the context of broader psychosocial interpretations. For example, feminist writer Barbara Brickman has speculated that gender differences reported in self-harm levels are due to socially purposive methodological and deliberate errors, which directly condemn medical discourse for the pathologization of women.

This gender inequality is often distorted in certain populations where self-harm levels are very high, which may have implications for the significance and interpretation of psychosocial factors other than gender. A study in 2003 found a very high self-prevalence among 428 homeless and escaping teens (ages 16-19) with 72% of men and 66% of women reporting a history of self-harm. However, in 2008, a study of young people and self-harm saw the gender gap widen in the opposite direction, with 32% of young women, and 22% of young men admitting self-harm. Studies also show that men who self-harm are also at greater risk for suicide.

There seems to be no difference in motivation for self-harm in teenage boys and girls. For example, for both sexes there is a gradual increase in intentional self-destruction associated with increased consumption of cigarettes, drugs and alcohol. Trigger factors such as low self-esteem and having friends and family members who are self-harm are also common between men and women. One limited study found that, among young people who commit self-harm, both sexes are equally likely to use the method of cutting the skin. However, women who cut themselves are more likely than men to explain episodes of hurting themselves by saying they want to punish themselves. In New Zealand, more women are hospitalized for hurting themselves than men. Women more often choose methods such as self-poisoning are generally not fatal, but still serious enough to require hospitalization.

Elderly

In a study of district general hospitals in the UK, 5.4% of all cases of self-destruction in hospitals aged over 65 years. The male and female ratios are 2: 3 although the rate of self-mutilation for men and women over 65 years in identical local populations. Over 90% had depression, and 63% had significant physical illness. Below 10% of patients give a history of previous self-destruction, while the rate of repetition and suicide is very low, which can be explained by the absence of known factors associated with repetition, such as personality disorders and alcohol abuse. However, NICE Guidance on Self-harm in the United Kingdom shows that self-harmful parents have a greater risk of suicide, with 1 in 5 older people hurting themselves to end their lives. A study completed in Ireland showed that older Irish adults had a high level of intentional self-abuse, but relatively low suicide rates.

Developing the world

Recently, efforts to improve health in developing countries are concentrated on not only physical illness but also mental health. Deliberate self-breathing is common in developing countries. Research on self-harm in developing countries is still very limited although an important case study is that in Sri Lanka, which is a country that shows a high incidence of suicide and poisoning itself with agricultural pesticides or natural toxins. Many people claim to be deliberate self-poisoning during the study by Eddleston et al. is young and few express the desire to die, but death is relatively common in young people in this case. Increased medical management of acute poisoning in developing countries is poor and improvements are needed to reduce mortality.

Some of the causes of deliberate self-poisoning in Sri Lankan teenagers include severe grief and discipline by parents. A coping mechanism is being disseminated in the local community because people are surrounded by others who have deliberately harmed themselves or attempted suicide. One way to reduce self-destruction is to limit access to toxins; However many cases involve pesticides or yellow oleander seeds, and reducing access to these agents will be difficult. The great potential for self-deprivation lies in education and prevention, but limited resources in developing countries make this method challenging.

Prison inmates

Accidental self-destruction occurs primarily in prison populations. The explanation put forward for this is that prisons are often places of violence, and prisoners who want to avoid physical confrontation may choose to injure themselves as tricks, either to convince other prisoners that they are crazy and resistant to pain or to get protection from prison authorities. Self-harm is also common in prisoners placed in isolation cells.

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History

Self-defeating, and in some cases continues to be, ritual practice in many cultures and religions.

The Mayan priesthood makes automatic sacrifices by cutting and piercing their bodies to draw blood. References to the Baal priests "cut themselves with the sword until blood flowed" can be found in the Hebrew Bible. However, in Judaism, such self-injury was forbidden under the law of Moses. It happened in ancient Canaanite mourning rituals, as described in Ras Shamra tablets.

Mischief is practiced in Hinduism by a hermit known as sadhu . In Catholicism, it is known as torture to the flesh. Some Islamic branches marked the Day of Asyura, the anniversary of Imam Hussein's martyrdom, with a self-disciplinary ritual, using chains and swords.

The scarlet duel as obtained through academic fences at a certain traditional German university is an early example of a scarification in European society. Sometimes, students who do not fence will injure themselves with a razor as an imitation.

Constance Lytton, a prominent suffrage, used his duties at Holloway Prison during March 1909 to mutilate his body. The plan is to carve 'Voting for Women' from his chest to his cheeks, so it will always be visible. But after completing the "V" in her breast and ribs, she asks for a sterile bandage to avoid blood poisoning, and her plan is canceled by the authorities. He wrote this in his memoirs of Prison and Prisoners.

Kikuyu girls cut off their respective vulvas in the 1950s as a symbol of resistance, in the context of a campaign against female genital mutilations in colonial Kenya. The movement was later known as Ngaitana ("I will circumcise myself"), because to avoid mentioning their friends, the girls say they have cut themselves. Historian Lynn Thomas describes this important episode in the history of FGM because it is clear that the victim is also the culprit.

Classification

The term "self-mutilation" occurs in a study by L. E. Emerson in 1913 in which he considers self-mutilation as a symbolic substitution for masturbation. The term reappears in an article in 1935 and a book in 1938 when Karl Menninger refined his definition of conception of self-mutilation. His study of self-destructive distinguishes between suicidal behavior and self-mutilation. For Menninger, self-mutilation is a non-fatal expression of the attenuated desire of death and thus creates the term partial suicide. He started a six-class classification system:

1. neurotics - nail biter, picker, extract hair removal and unnecessary cosmetic surgery.
2. religious - self-flagellants and others.
3. puberty rite - removal of hymen, circumcision or clitoral changes.
4. psychotic - removal of the eyes or ears, self-genital mutilation and extreme amputation
5. organic brain disease - which allows recurring head-banging, biting of the hands, breaking fingers or removing the eyes.
6. conventional - cutting nails, cutting hair and shaving the beard.

Pao (1969) distinguishes between subtle (low lethality) and rough (turning off high) self-mutilators that cut. The "smooth" cutter is young, some superficial wound episodes and generally have a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. The "rough" cutter is older and generally psychotic. Ross and McKay (1979) classify self-mutilators into 9 groups: cut , bite , abrading , decide , insert , burn , swallow or inhale and hit and narrow .

After the 1970s, the focus of self-injury shifted away from the psycho-sexual drive of the patients.

Walsh and Rosen (1988) created four categories numbered by Roman numerals I-IV, defining Self-mutilation as lines II, III and IV.

Favazza and Rosenthal (1993) review hundreds of studies and divide self-mutilation into two categories: culturally-permitted circumcision and deviance per se. Favazza also created two subcategories of self-approved mutilations; ritual and practices . The ritual is a repeated mutilation by generation and "reflects tradition, symbolism, and belief of society" (p.Ã, 226). Practices are historically temporary and cosmetic such as ear piercing, nose, eyebrow and male circumcision (for non-Jews) while Deviant self-mutilation is equivalent to oneself. endanger.

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Awareness and conflict

There are many movements among communities that injure themselves in general to self-injure and the treatment better known to mental health professionals, as well as the general public. For example, March 1st was set up as a Self Awareness Awareness Day (SIAD) worldwide. On this day, some people choose to be more open about the dangers themselves, and awareness organizations make special efforts to raise awareness about self-harm. Some people wear conscious bands or orange bracelets to encourage awareness of self-harm.

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Other animals

Self-destructive in non-human mammals is an established but not widely known phenomenon. His studies under zoo or laboratory conditions can lead to a better understanding of self-harm in human patients.

Zoos or enlargement and laboratory isolation are important factors that lead to increased susceptibility to self-destruction in higher mammals, such as ape monkeys. Non-primate mammals are also known to mutilate under laboratory conditions after drug administration. For example, pemoline, clonidine, amphetamine, and very high doses of caffeine or theophylline (toxic) are known to precipitate self-destruction in laboratory animals.

In dogs, obsessive-compulsive canine disorders can cause self-inflicted injury, such as canine lick granuloma. The captive birds are sometimes known to be involved in the plucking of feathers, causing damage to feathers that can range from feather destruction to the removal of most or all of the feathers within the reach of birds, or even the mutilation of the skin or muscle tissue.

The event rat breeders have noticed similar behavior. One known as "barbering" involves a mouse that obsessively cares for the mustache and the facial hairs of themselves and the cage friends. Other behaviors include scratching the ears so badly that most are lost.

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References

External links

• Information on self-injury from the Royal College of Psychiatrists

Source of the article : Wikipedia